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View Tree for CharlemagneCharlemagne (b. April 02, 742, d. January 28, 812/13)

Charlemagne was born April 02, 742 in Ingelheim, Austrasia, and died January 28, 812/13 in Aix la Chapelle, Austrasia. He married Hildegarde De Vinzgau.

 Includes NotesNotes for Charlemagne:
Charlemagne (French for Carolus Magnus, or Carlus Magnus ("Charles theGreat"); German Karl der Grosse). The name given by latergenerations to Charles, King of the Franks, first sovereign of theChristian Empire of the West; born 2 April, 742; died at Aachen, 28January, 814.

Charlemagne's career led to his acknowledgment by the Holy Seeas itschief protector and coadjutor in temporals, byConstantinople as atleast Basileus of the West. This reign,which involved to a greaterdegree than that of any otherhistorical personage the organicdevelopment, and still more,the consolidation of Christian Europe,will be sketched in thisarticle in the successive periods into whichit naturallydivides. The period of Charlemagne was also an epoch ofreformfor the Church in Gaul, and of foundation for the Church inGermany, marked, moreover, by an efflorescence of learningwhichfructified in the great Christian schools of the twelfth andlatercenturies.

To the Fall of Pavia (742-774)

In 752, when Charles was a child of not more than ten years,Pepin theShort had appealed to Pope Zachary to recognize hisactual rulewith the kingly title and dignity. The practicaleffect of this appealto the Holy See was the journey of StephenIII across the Alps twoyears later, for the purpose ofanointing with the oil of kingship notonly Pepin, but also hisson Charles and a younger son, Carloman. Thepope then laid uponthe Christian Franks a precept, under the gravestspiritualpenalties, never "to choose their kings from any otherfamily". Primogeniture did not hold in the Frankish law ofsuccession;the monarchy was elective, though eligibility was limitedto the male members of the one privileged family. Thus, then, atSt.Denis on the Seine, in the Kingdom of Neustria, on the 28th ofJuly,754, the house of Arnulf was, by a solemn act of thesupreme pontiffestablished upon the throne until then nominally occupied by the houseof Merowig (Merovingians).

Charles, anointed to the kingly office while yet a mere child,learnedthe rudiments of war while still many years short ofmanhood,accompanying his father in several campaigns. Thisearly experience isworth noting chiefly because it developed inthe boy those militaryvirtues which, joined with hisextraordinary physical strength andintense nationalism, madehim a popular hero of the Franks long beforehe became theirrightful ruler. At length, in September, 768, Pepin theShort,foreseeing his end, made a partition of his dominions betweenhistwo sons. Not many days later the old king passed away.

To better comprehend the effect of the act of partition underwhichCharles and Carloman inherited their father's dominions,as well as thewhole subsequent history of Charles' reign, it isto be observed thatthose dominions comprised:

first, Frankland (Frankreich) proper; secondly, as many as seven moreor less self-governingdependencies, peopled by races of variousorigins and obeyingvarious codes of law. Of these two divisions, theformer extended, roughly speaking,from the boundaries of Thuringia, onthe east, to what is nowthe Belgian and Norman coastline, on the west;it bordered to the north on Saxony, and included both banks of theRhine from Cologne (the ancient Colonia Agrippina) to the North Sea;its southern neighbours were the Bavarians, the Alemanni, and theBurgundians. The dependent states were: the fundamentally GaulishNeustria (including within its borders Paris), which was,nevertheless, well leavened with a dominant Frankish element; to thesouthwest of Neustria, Brittany, formerlyArmorica, with a British andGallo-Roman population; to the south of Neustria the Duchy ofAquitaine, lying, for the mostpart, between the Loire and the Garonne,with a decidedly Gallo-Roman population; and east of Aquitaine, alongthe valleyof the Rhone, the Burgundians, a people of much the samemixed origin as those of Aquitaine, though with a large infusion ofTeutonic blood. These States, with perhaps the exception of Brittany,recognized the Theodosian Code as their law.
The German dependencies of the Frankish kingdom were Thuringia,inthe valley of the Main, Bavaria, and Alemannia (correspondingtowhat was later known as Swabia).
These last, at the time of Pepin's death, had but recently beenwon to Christianity, mainly through the preaching of St. Boniface.The share which fell to Charles consisted of all Austrasia (theoriginal Frankland), most of Neustria, and all of Aquitaine except thesoutheast corner. In this way the possessions of the elder brothersurrounded the younger on two sides, but on the other hand thedistribution of mm under their respective rules was such as ofpreclude any risk of discord arising out of the national sentiments oftheir various subjects.

In spite of this provident arrangement, Carloman contrived to quarrelwith his brother. Hunald, formerly Duke of Aquitaine,vanquished byPepin the Short, broke from the cloister, where he had lived as amonk for twenty years, and stirred up a revolt in the western partof the duchy. By Frankish custom Carloman should have aided Charles;the younger brother himself held partof Aquitaine; but he pretendedthat, as his dominion were unaffected by this revolt, it was nobusiness of his. Hunald, however, was vanquished by Charlessingle-handed; he was betrayed by a nephew with whom he had soughtrefuge, was sent to Rome to answer for the violation of his monasticvows, and at last, after once more breaking cloister, was stoned todeath bythe Lombards of Pavia. For Charles the true importance ofthisAquitanian episode was in its manifestation his brother's unkindlyfeeling in his regard, and against this danger he lost no time intaking precautions, chiefly by winning over to himself the friendswhom he judged likely to be most valuable; first and foremost of thesewas his mother, Bertha, who had striven both earnestly and prudentlyto make peace between hersons, but who, when it became necessary totake sides with one or the other could not hesitate in her devotion tothe elder. Charles was an affectionate son; it also appears that, ingeneral, he was helped to power by his extraordinary gift of personalattractiveness.

Carloman died soon after this (4 December, 771), and a certainletterfrom "the Monk Cathwulph", quoted by Bouquet (Recueil.hist., V,634), in enumerating the special blessings for whichthe king wasin duty bound to be grateful, says, Third . . . God has preserved youfrom the wiles of your brother. . . . Fifth, and not the least, thatGod has removed your brother from this earthly kingdom.

Carloman may not have been quite so malignant as the enthusiasticpartisans of Charles made him out, but the division of Pepin'sdominions was in itself an impediment to the growth of a strongFrankish realm such as Charles needed for the unification of theChristian Continent. Although Carloman had left two sons by his wife,Gerberga, the Frankish law of inheritance gave no preference tosons as against brother; left to their own choice, the Frankishlieges, whether from love of Charles or for the fear which his namealready inspired, gladly accepted him for their king. Gerberga and herchildren fled to the Lombard court of Pavia. In the mean whilecomplications had arisen in Charles' foreign policy which made hisnewly established supremacy at home doubly opportune.

From his father Charles had inherited the title "PatriciusRomanus"which carried with it a special obligation to protectthe temporalrights of the Holy See. The nearest and most menacing neighbour of St.Peter's Patrimony was Desidarius(Didier), King of the Lombards, and itwas with this potentate that the dowager Bertha had arranged amatrimonial alliance forher elder son. The pope had solid temporalreasons for objecting to this arrangement. Moreover, Charles wasalready, in foroconscientiae, if not in Frankish law, wedded toHimiltrude. In defiance of the pope's protest (PL 98:250), Charlesmarried Desiderata, daughter of Desiderius (770), three years laterherepudiated her and married Hildegarde, the beautifulSwabian.Naturally, Desiderius was furious at this insult, andthedominions of the Holy See wore the first brunt of his wrath.

But Charles had to defend his own borders against the heathen aswellas to protect Rome against the Lombard. To the north of Austrasia layFrisia, which seems to have been in some equivocalway a dependency,and to the east of Frisia, from the left bankof the Ems (about thepresent Holland-Westphalia frontier), across the valley of the Weserand Aller, and still eastward tothe left bank of the Elbe, extendedthe country of the Saxons, who in no fashion whatever acknowledged anyallegiance to the Frankish kings. In 772 these Saxons were a horde ofaggressive pagans offering to Christian missionaries no hope but thatof martyrdom; bound together, normally, by no political organization,and constantly engaged in predatory incursions into the lands of theFranks. Their language seems to have beenvery like that spoken by theEgberts and Ethelreds of Britain,but the work of their Christiancousin, St. Boniface, had not affected them as yet; they worshippedthe gods of Walhalla, united in solemn sacrifice -- sometimes human --to Irminsul(Igdrasail), the sacred tree which stood at Eresburg, andwerestill slaying Christian missionaries when their kinsmen inBritainwere holding church synods and building cathedrals.Charles could brookneither their predatory habits nor their heathenish intolerance;it was impossible, moreover, to make permanent peace with themwhile they followed the old Teutoniclife of free village communities.He made his first expedition into their country in July, 772, tookEresburg by storm, and burned Irminsul. It was in January of this sameyear that Pope Stephen III died, and Adrian I, an opponent ofDesiderius, was elected. The new pope was almost immediately assailedby the Lombard king, who seized three minor cities of the PatrimonyofSt. Peter, threatened Ravenna itself, and set about organizing aplotwithin the Curia. Paul Afiarta, the papal chamberlain, detected actingas the Lombard's secret agent, was seized and put to death. TheLombard army advanced against Rome, but quailed before the spiritualweapons of the Church, while Adrian sent a legate into Gaul to claimthe aid of of the Patrician.

Thus it was that Charles, resting at Thionville after hisSaxoncampaign, was urgently reminded of the rough work thatawaitedhis hand south of the Alps. Desiderius' embassy reached himsoon after Adrian's. He did not take it for granted that the right wasall upon Adrian's side; besides, he may have seen here an opportunitymake some amends for his repudiation of the Lombard princess. Beforetaking up arms for the Holy See, therefore, he sent commissioners intoItaly to make enquiries and when Desiderius pretended that the seizureof the papal cities was in effect only the legal foreclosure of amortgage, Charles promptly offered to redeem them by a money payment.But Desiderius refused the money, and as Charles' commissionersreported in favour of Adrian, the only course left was war.

In the spring of 773 Charles summoned the whole military strength ofthe Franks for a great invasion of Lombardy. He was slow to strike,but he meant to strike hard. Data for any approximate estimate of hisnumerical strength are lacking, butit is certain that the army, inorder to make the descent more swiftly, crossed the Alps by twopasses: Mont Cenis and the Great St. Bernard. Einhard, who accompaniedthe king over Mont Cenis (the St. Bernard column was led by DukeBernhard), speaks feelingly of the marvels and perils of the passage.The invaders found Desiderius waiting for them, entrenched at Susa;they turned his flank and put the Lombard army to utter rout.

Leaving all the cities of the plains to their fate, Desiderius ralliedpart of his forces in Pavia, his walled capital, while his son,Adalghis, with the rest, occupied Verona. Charles, having been joinedby Duke Bernhard, took the forsaken cities on his way and thencompletely invested Pavia (September, 773), whence Otger, the faithfulattendant of Gerberga, could look with trembling upon the array of hiscountrymen.

Soon after Christmas Charles withdrew from the siege a portion of thearmy which he employed in the capture of Verona. Here he foundGerberga and her children; as to what became of them, history issilent; they probably entered the cloister.

What history does record with vivid eloquence is the first visitofCharles to the Eternal City. There everything was done to give hisentry as much as possible the air of a triumph in ancient Rome. Thejudges met him thirty miles from the city; the militia laid at thefeet of their great patrician the banner of Rome and hailed him astheir imperator. Charles himself forgot pagan Rome and prostratedhimself to kiss the threshold of the Apostles, and then spent sevendays in conference with thesuccessor of Peter. It was then that heundoubtedly formed many great designs for the glory of God and theexaltation of Holy Church, which, in spite of human weaknesses and,still more,ignorance, he afterwards did his best to realize. Hiscoronation as the successor of Constantine did not take place untiltwenty-six years later, but his consecration as first champion of theCatholic Church took place at Easter, 774. Soon after this (June, 774)Pavia fell, Desiderius was banished, Adalghis became a fugitive at theByzantine court, and Charles, assumingthe crown of Lombardy, renewedto Adrian the donation of of territory made by Pepin the Short afterhis defeat of Aistulph.(This donation is now generally admitted, aswell as the original gift of Pepin at Kiersy in 752. The so-called"Privilegium Hadriani pro Carolo" granting him full right to nominatethe pope and to invest all bishops is a forgery.)

To the Baptism of Wittekind (774-785)

The next twenty years of Charles' life may be considered as one longwarfare. They are filled with an astounding series of rapidmarches from end to end of a continent intersected by mountains,morasses, and forests, and scantily provided with roads. It would seemthat the key to his long series of victories, won almost as much bymoral ascendancy as by physical or mental superiority, is to be foundin the inspiration communicated to his Frankish champion by PopeAdrian I. Weiss (Weltgesch., 11,549) enumerates fifty-three distinctcampaigns of Charlemagne; of these it is possible to point to onlytwelve or fourteen which were not undertaken principally or entirelyin execution of his mission as the soldier and protector of theChurch. In his eighteen campaigns against the Saxons Charles was moreor less actuated by the desire to extinguish what he and his peopleregarded as a form of devil-worship, no less odious to them thanthefetishism of Central Africa is to us.

While he was still in Italy the Saxons, irritated but not subdued bythe fate of Eresburg and of Irminsul had risen inarms, harried thecountry of the Hessian Franks, and burned many churches; that of St.Boniface at Fritzlar, being of stone, had defeated their efforts.Returning to the north, Charles sent a preliminary column of cavalryinto the enemy's country while heheld a council of the realm atKiersy (Quercy) in September,774, at which it was decided that theSaxons (Westfali, Ostfali,and Angrarii) must be presented with thealternative of baptismor death. The northeastern campaigns of the nextseven years had for their object a conquest so decisive as to make theexecution of this policy feasible. The year 775 saw the first of aseries of Frankish military colonies, on the ancient Roman planestablished at Sigeburg among the Westfali. Charles next subdued,temporarily at least, the Ostali, whose chieftain, Hessi, havingaccepted baptism, ended his life in the monastery of Fulda (seeBONIFACE, SAINT; FULDA). Then, a Frankish camp at Lbbecke on theWeser having been surprised by the Saxons, and its garrisonslaughtered, Charles turned again westward, once more routed theWestfali, and received their oaths of submission.

At this stage (776) the affairs of Lombardy interrupted the Saxoncrusade. Areghis of Beneventum, son-in-law of the vanquishedDesiderius, had formed a plan with his brother-in-law Adalghis(Adelchis), then an exile at Constantinople, by which the latter wasto make a descent upon Italy, backed by the Eastern emperor; Adrianwas at the same time involved in aquarrel with the three Lombarddukes, Reginald of Clusium, Rotgaud of Friuli, and Hildebrand ofSpoleto. The archbishop of Ravenna, who called himself "primate" and"exarch of Italy", was also attempting to found an independentprincipality at the expense of the papal state but was finally subduedin 776, and his successor compelled to be content with the title of"Vicar"or representative of the pope. The junction of the afore saidpowers, all inimical to the pope and the Franks, while Charles wasoccupied in Westphalia, was only prevented by the death of ConstantineCopronymus in September, 775 (see BYZANTINE EMPIRE). After winningover Hildebrand and Reginald by diplomacy, Charles descended intoLombardy by the Brenner Pass (spring of 776), defeated Rotgaud, andleaving garrisons and governors, or counts(comites), as they weretermed, in the reconquered cities of the Duchy of Friuli, hastenedback to Saxony. There the Frankishgarrison had been forced to evacuateEresburg, while the siegeof Sigeburg was so unexpectedly broken up asto give occasion later to a legend of angelic intervention in favourof the Christians. As usual, the almost incredible suddenness of theking's reappearance and the moral effect of his presence quietedtheragings of the heathen. Charles then divided the Saxon territory intoMissionary districts. At the great spring hosting (champ de Mai) ofPaderborn, in 777, many Saxon converts were baptized; Wittekind(Widukind), however, already the leader and afterwards the popularhero of the Saxons, had fled to his brother-in-law, Sigfrid the Dane.

The episode of the invasion of Spain comes next in chronologicalorder. The condition of the venerable Iberian Church, still sufferingunder Moslem domination, appealed strongly to the king's sympathy. In777 there came to Paderborn three Moorishemirs, enemies of the OmmeyadAbderrahman, the Moorish King of Cordova. These emirs did homage toCharles and proposed to himan invasion of Northern Spain; one of the,Ibn-el-Arabi, promised to bring to the invaders' assistance a force ofBerberauxiliaries from Africa; the other two promised to exert theirpowerful influence at Barcelona and elsewhere north of the Ebro.Accordingly, in the spring of 778, Charles, with a host of crusaders,speaking many tongues, and which numbered among its constituents evena quota of Lombards, moved towards the Pyrenees. His trustedlieutenant, Duke Bernhard, with one division, entered Spain by thecoast. Charles himself marched through the mountain passes straight toPampelona. ButIbn-el-Arabi, who had prematurely brought on his armyofBerbers, was assassinated by the emissary of Abderrahman, andthough Pampelona was razed, and Barcelona and other cities fell,Saragossa held out. Apart from the moral effect of this campaign uponthe Moslem rulers of Spain, its result was insignificant, though thefamous ambuscade in which perished Roland, the great Paladin, at thePass of Roncesvalles, furnished to the medieval world the material forits most glorious and influential epic, the "Chanson de Roland".

Much more important to posterity were the next succeeding events whichcontinued and decided the long struggle in Saxony. During theSpanish crusade Wittekind had returned from his exile, bringingwith him Danish allies, and was now ravaging Hesse; the Rhine valleyfrom Deutz to Andenach was a prey to the Saxon"devil-worshipers"; theChristian missionaries were scattered orin hiding. Charles gatheredhis hosts at Dren, in June, 779, and stormed Wittekind's entrenchedcamp at Bocholt, after which campaign he seems to have consideredSaxony a fairly subdued country. At any rate, the "Saxon Capitulary"(see CAPITULARIES)of 781 obliged all Saxons not only to accept baptism(and this on the pain of death) but also to pay tithes, as the Franksdid for the support of the Church; more over it confiscated a largeamount of property for the benefit of the missions. This wasWittekind's last opportunity to restore the national independence andpaganism; his people, exasperated against the Franks and their God,eagerly rushed to arms. At Suntal on the Weser, Charles being absent,they defeated a Frankish army killing two royal legates and fiveCounts. But Wittekind committed the error of enlisting as alliesthe non-Teutonic Sorbs from beyond the Saale; race-antagonism soonweakened hisforces, and the Saxon hosts melted away. Of the so-called"Massacre of Verdun" (783) it is fair to say that the 4500 Saxons whoperished were not prisoners of war; legally, they were ringleaders ina rebellion, selected as such from a number of their fellow rebels.Wittekind himself escaped beyond the Elbe. It was not until afteranother defeat of the Saxons at Detmold, and again at Osnabrck, onthe "Hill of Slaughter", that Wittekind acknowledged the God ofCharles the stronger than Odin. In 785 Wittekind received baptism atAttigny, and Charles stood godfather.

Last Steps to the Imperial Throne (785-800)

The summer of 783 began a new period in the life of Charles, inwhichsigns begin to appear of his less amiable traits. It wasin thisyear, signalized, according to the chroniclers, by unexampled heat anda pestilence, that the two queens died, Bertha, the king's mother, andHildegarde, his second (or his third) wife. Both of these women, theformer in particular, had exercised over him a strong influence forgood. Within a few months the king married Fastrada, daughter of anAustrasiancount. The succeeding years were, comparatively speaking,years of harvest after the stupendous period of ploughing and sowingthat had gone before; and Charles' nature was of a type that appearsto best advantage in storm and stress. What was to bethe WesternEmpire of the Middle Ages was already hewn out inthe rough whenWittekind received baptism. From that date until the coronation ofCharles at Rome, in 800, his military work was chiefly in suppressingrisings of the newly conquered or quelling the discontents of jealoussubject princes. Thrice in these fifteen years did the Saxons rise,only to be defeated. Tassilo, Duke of Bavaria, had been a more or lessrebellious vassal ever since the beginning of his reign, and Charlesnowmade use of the pope's influence, exercised through the powerfulbishops of Freising, Salzburg, and Regensburg (Ratisbon), tobring himto terms. In 786 a Thuringian revolt was quelled by the timely death,blinding, and banishment of its leaders. Next year the Lombard prince,Areghis, having fortified himself at Salerno, had actually beencrowned King of the Lombards when Charles descended upon him atBeneventum, received his submission, and took his son Grimwald as ahostage, after which, finding that Tassilo had been secretlyassociated with the conspiracy of the Lombards, he invaded Bavariafrom three sides with three armies drawn from at least fivenationalities. Once more the influence of the Holy See settled theBavarian questionin Charles' favour; Adrian threatened Tassilo withexcommunication if he persisted in rebellion, and as the Duke's ownsubjects refused to follow him to the field, he personally madesubmission, did homage, and in return received from Charlesa new leaseof his duchy (October, 787).

During this period the national discontent with Fastradaculminated ina plot in which Pepin the Hunchback, Charles' son by Himiltrude, wasimplicated, and though his life was spared through his father'sintercession, Pepin spent what remained ofhis days in a monastery.Another son of Charles (Carloman,afterwards called Pepin, and crownedKing of Lombardy at Rome in781, on the occasion of an Easter visit bythe king, at which time also his brother Louis was crowned King ofAquitaine)served his father in dealing with the Avars, a pagan dangeronthe frontier, compared with which the invasion of Septimania by theSaracens (793) was but an insignificant incident of borderwarfare.These Avars, probably of Turanian blood, occupied theterritories northof the Save and west of the Theiss. Tassilohad invited theirassistance against his overlord; and after the Duke's final submissionCharles invaded their country and conquered it as far as the Raab(791). By the capture of the famous "Ring" of the Avars, with itsnine concentric circles, Charles came into possession of vastquantities of gold and silver, parts of the plunder which thesebarbarians had been accumulating for two centuries. In this campaignKing Pepin ofLombardy cooperated with his father, with forces drawnfrom Italy; the later stages of this war (which may be considered thelast of Charles' great wars) were left in the hands of the youngerking.

The last stages by which the story of Charles' career is broughtto itsclimax touch upon the exclusive spiritual domain of the Church. He hadnever ceased to interest himself in the deliberations of synods, andthis interest extended (an example that wrought fatal results in afterages) to the discussion ofquestions which would now be regarded aspurely dogmatic. Charles interfered in the dispute about theAdoptionist heresy (see ADOPTIONISM; ALCUIN; FRANKFORT, COUNCIL OF).His interference was less pleasing to Adrian in the matterofIconoclasm, a heresy with which the Empress-mother Irene andTarasius, Patriarch of Constantinople, had dealt in the second Councilof Nicaea. The Synod of Frankfort, wrongly informed, but inspired byCharles, took upon itself to condemn the afore said Council, althoughthe latter had the sanction of the Holy See(see CAROLINE BOOKS). Inthe year 797 the Eastern Emperor Constantine VI, with whom his motherIrene had for some timebeen at variance, was by her dethroned,imprisoned, and blinded. It is significant of Charles' positionas de facto Emperor ofthe West that Irene sent envoys to Aachen to laybefore Charles her side of this horrible story. It is also to be notedthat the popular impression that Constantine had been put to death,and the aversion to committing the imperial sceptre to a woman's hand,also bore upon what followed. Lastly, it was to Charles alone that theChristians of the East were now crying out for succour against thethreatening advance of the Moslem CaliphHaroun al Raschid. In 795Adrian I died (25 Dec.), deeply regretted by Charles, who held thispope in great esteem and caused a Latin metrical epitaph to beprepared for the papal tomb. In 787 Charles had visited Rome for thethird time in theinterest of the pope and his secure possession of thePatrimony of Peter.

Leo III, the immediate successor of Adrian I, notified Charlesof hiselection (26 December, 795) to the Holy See. The kingsent in returnrich presents by Abbot Angilbert, whom he commissioned to deal withthe pope in all manners pertaining to the royal office of RomanPatrician. While this letter isrespectful and even affectionate, italso exhibits Charles'concept of the coordination of the spiritual andtemporalpowers, nor does he hesitate to remind the Pope of hisgravespiritual obligations. The new pope, a Roman, had bitterenemiesin the Eternal City, who spread the most damaging reports ofhisprevious life. At length (25 April, 799) he was waylaid, and leftunconscious. After escaping to St. Peter's he was rescued by two ofthe king's missi, who came with a considerable force.The Duke ofSpoleto sheltered the fugitive pope, who went laterto Paderborn, wherethe king's camp then was. Charles received the Vicar of Christ withall due reverence. Leo was sent back toRome escorted by royal missi;the insurgents, thoroughly frightened and unable to convince Charlesof the pope'siniquity, surrendered, and the missi sent Paschalisand Campulus, nephews of Adrian I and ringleaders against PopeLeo, to the king, to be dealt with at the royal pleasure.


Children of Charlemagne and Hildegarde De Vinzgau are:
  1. +Louis "The Pious", b. August 778, Chasseneuil, near Poitiers, Aquitaine, France, d. June 20, 840, Petersaue, an island in the Rhine near Ingelheim, Germany.
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