A Short History of the 22^nd, 31^st and 34^th Texas Cavalries of North Texas

With Emphasis on the

Fannin County McFarlands (and their neighbors and relations) in the Civil War

By Mary Helen Haines

1861

In February, 1861 the Confederate States of America had been formed and Texas had joined, even though Gov. Sam Houston was opposed. James McFarland, pioneer settler in Fannin County in 1837, was 71 years old and had also voted against secession as did many people of the North Texas area. In April, war became a reality after the firing at Ft. Sumter. The first real battle of the Civil War was fought at Bull Run in Virginia in July, 1861 and demonstrated that both armies needed training. Far to the west, in Texas, serious recruiting began as local loyalties superseded loyalty to a distant capital in Washington D.C.

In our family of James McFarland’s sons and sons-in-law, the men who could possibly serve in 1861 were:

A. Jackson McFarland: 43 yrs. old

Howard Etheridge: 46 yrs. old – husband of Anna McFarland

Elijah Sebastian: 37 yrs. old – husband of Sarah Jane McFarland – died June 12, 1863

Albert McFarland: 36 yrs. old – died April 13, 1862

George Wilkerson: - 32 yrs. old -2^nd husband of Rebecca McFarland

Jasper McFarland: 32 yrs. old

James Collin Tucker: 35 yrs. old – husband of Cynthia Anne McFarland

James McFarland: 28 yrs. old – died coming home 1865

L. T. Cunningham: 22 yrs. old – 3^rd husband of Mary Jane McFarland

Newton McFarland: 22 yrs. old

Arthur Rodney McFarland: 16 yrs. old

James Franklin McFarland: 13 yrs. old - he signs up before the end of the war

Other McFarland families in Fannin County in 1860 were:

1. Yelverton (?), age 20, and his brother Joseph, age 16, both born in Texas, sons of Samuel McFarland, age 46, born in Ireland.

2. Thomas, age 15, born in Tennessee, son of Robert McFarland, 48, born in North Carolina.

3. James O. McFarland, 34, born in Tennessee.

Of those men the records researched so far show:

A. Jackson – served in the Texas State Troops

Howard Etheridge, Albert and James and Arthur joined the 22^nd Cavalry,

L.T. Cunningham was in the 34^th Cavalry,

Jasper and Newton and Arthur (again) served in the 31^st Cavalry, and

James Franklin did brief duty guarding prisoners in Bonham at the very end of the war.

In Orangeville, the Orangeville Independent Home Guard was organized on May 25, 1861 and James O. McFarland, and a John McFarland joined up. This James is not directly related to the Ladonia group and there is a S. McFarland from Ireland, age 46, in the 1960 census in Orangeville, who is Samuel, so I am not sure who this John refers to. James O. goes on to be a member, and Sergeant, in Co. A, of the 22^nd Cavalry.

On July 6, 1861, many men of the Ladonia, Honey Grove, and Wolfe City area signed up to be a part of the Texas State Brigade, 14^th Regiment of the Texas State Troops, Beat #4. This brigade was centered in Fannin and Hunt counties. As far as I can tell, this regiment was never activated, but the men went on to become part of the regular CSA and other Texas State Troops in 1862.

14^th Brigade:

E. Sebastin (I think this would be Elijah Sebastian-it is the only reference I have to his service during this war, although he dies during the war.)

J. McFarland, age 43 ( A. J. McFarland in the 1860 census- Andrew Jackson)

J. R. McFarland, age 31 (James Robert, I believe)

The lists above came from transcriptions completed by Patricia Armstrong Newhouse in her Fannin County, Texas: Enlistees in the War Between the States. Bonham Public Library

On December 14, 1861 our Fannin County McFarland men (along with many of their friends and neighbors) enrolled at Honey Grove, and then rode to Ft. Washita, across the Red River about 50 miles away, (near Durant Oklahoma) and were mustered in on December 27, 1861 (National Archives). Ft. Washita had been in existence since 1842 as an outpost next to Indian Territory, built to protect the area’s Chickasaw and Choctaw against Comanche raids and serve as a base for the U.S. Indian Agency. On April 16, 1861 it had been abandoned by the Union Army after the capture of Ft. Sumter, and Confederate forces from Jefferson, Texas moved in the next day. During the war, the fort was mostly used as a supply depot for Confederate troops in the Indian Territory (Ft. Washita History).

There is some archeological evidence at the fort that suggests they were under attack at least once, although no official battles are recorded. There is also a graveyard on the grounds with over 200 unmarked graves of Confederate soldiers.

Ft. Washita

Below are photographs taken by the author in 2004. This fort never had a walled perimeter, it was open to the surrounding plains. The entrance today was built during renovation when the fort became property of the Oklahoma Historical Society in 1962. In the background of this photo you can see the rebuilt barracks on the left.

There are ruins of original structures in place at the fort as well. These ruins are the West Barracks, built in 1856 of limestone. Before they burned in 1917, they were the residence of the Colbert family, who lived here after the fort was abandoned in 1870.

General Douglas Cooper, who served as the Chickasaw/Choctaw Indian Agent, then as Colonel of the Chickasaw/Choctaw Regiment and Brigadier General in the C.S.A. lived in this log cabin until his death in 1879. He is buried on the grounds.

There are several cemeteries on the grounds, but at this location are the unmarked graves dating for the Confederate occupation of the fort.

Map of Texas, Indian Territory, Arkansas, Louisiana Camps and Battle Sites

For the 22^nd, 31^st, and 34^th Texas Cavalries

Ft. McCulloch

Middle Boggy

Ft. Smith

Ft. Gibson

Ft. Davis

Honey Grove

Ladonia

Little Rock

Houston

Hempstead

Austin

Vicksburg

Prairie Grove

Mansfield

Sterling’s Plantation

Missouri

Louisiana

Indian Territory

Newtonia

Pea Ridge

Arkansas

Texas

Cities

Camps/Forts

Battle Sites

Bonhamhamnham

Ft. Washita

1862

Our Fannin County men were part of Robert H. Taylor’s Regiment of Texas Mounted Rifles when they gathered at Ft. Washita in December. On January 16, 1862, the 22^nd Regiment Texas Cavalry was organized and our men were members of Company C. They were called the 1^st Indian Regiment Texas Cavalry at this time. The members of this regiment were largely from Fannin, Collin, and Grayson counties and Taylor was a lawyer in Bonham, a former company commander in the Texas Rangers during the Mexican War, and a member of the Texas legislature, both before and after the war. He, like many of his North Texas neighbors, had also opposed secession until the war began. The original orders were for a 12 month enlistment to “serve between Kansas and Texas” (Barr 2).

Albert, J.R., Arthur McFarland, and Howard Ethrage (Etheridge) all enlisted in Co. C, 22^nd Texas Cavalry on Feb. 25, 1862 and were enrolled by J. W. Piner (National Archives).

Albert Pike, a journalist and lawyer living in Arkansas, had been commissioned by the Confederate government to enlist the Indian tribes to their cause. Although the tribes would have preferred to stay out of this conflict, they also had monetary interests in this war, and some were slave owners as well. The tribes were divided in their loyalties, not knowing who would honor the millions of dollars still owed them for the sale of their lands in the East (when they were removed in 1832 as part of the Indian Removal Act). Early Confederate victories helped sway many toward the Southern cause. The southernmost Choctaw and the Chickasaw Nations signed with the Confederacy first. Then other tribes signed treaties with Pike, who assured them they would not be called upon to fight unless their territory was invaded by the Union. When Pike took the signed treaties to the Confederate capital in Richmond, Virginia, he was named Brigadier General of the Indian Territory with Col. Douglas Cooper in charge of the 1^st Regiment of Choctaw and Chickasaw Mounted Rifles, stationed at Ft. Washita. Cooper was assisted by Col. James Bourland, a well-known military leader and business man from Lamar and Cooke counties in North Texas (Cottrell 13-25).

In February and March, 1862, the 22^nd Cavalry moved to camp at the North Fork of the Canadian River because the forage was better, and the presence of white troops might deter the threatened civil war within the Cherokee Nation as tribes within that Nation had different feelings about taking sides in this war (Cottrell).

Before much training could take place in the Texas and Indian cavalries, a force of 12,000 Union soldiers were moving to secure Missouri. Maj. Gen. Earl Van Dorn, commander of the Trans-Mississippi District sent word to Gen. Pike to lead his Indian troops out of Indian Territory to join other Confederates in Missouri. The Indian regiments would not go into battle until certain monies had been paid. They then rode to Arkansas and fought at Pea Ridge on March 6, 7. Reports indicate some of the Cherokee celebrated a little early and took a few scalps—a move that enraged Union troops, and surely embarrassed Gen. Pike. Early appearances at success turned, and after the Confederate defeat at Pea Ridge and retreat, Pike led them back into Indian Territory and the 22^nd joined him, moving southwest (Cottrell 37-40).

On April 13, 1862, Albert McFarland died. No cause of death is mentioned in his documents; however, there was a raging measles epidemic that spread through troops that were moving with Gen. Pike. This was reported in a letter home by one of the afflicted soldiers that survived. Many of these soldiers are buried at the camp at Middle Boggy (Atoka, OK - today in the grounds of the Confederate Memorial Museum and Cemetery).

Taylor’s Regiment was joined by the 34^th Texas Cavalry under Col Almerine M. Alexander, a merchant in Bonham and Sherman. On April 17, 1862 the 34^th Texas Cavalry Regiment was created at Ft. Washita. Several Fannin County men joined Co. I. This cavalry was composed of companies mostly from the North Texas area, and like the 22^nd, were not that enamored with the war. The men were from counties that were either divided or against secession. They had scant influence in state politics compared to south and central Texas, and they were not big slaveholders. They had joined this movement once war had actually started, with the idea that their home territory might be invaded. They also had been promised during recruitment that they would not be fighting away from their homes (Barr 2-3).

In May, 1862 a report on troop strength in the Indian Territory shows that Col. Alexander’s (the 34^th), and Col. Taylor’s (22^nd) regiments were at Ft. McCulloch. Gen. Pike had ordered an earthen works fort to be built and named to honor Gen. Ben McCulloch, a Texan hero who had died at Pea Ridge. Pike was convinced there would soon be a Union invasion, yet Gen. Van Dorn had been ordered to transfer his troops east beyond the Mississippi. This left the Western sector with few provisions or troops (Cottrell 42). Present at the roll call at Ft. McCulloch were a mere 829 men, half of the 1,679 on the rolls. Various reasons exist for this: sickness, furloughs to farmers to bring in their crops, and absences caused by anger at the violation of the original recruitment promises that they would not be sent beyond the frontier at Ft. Washita and Ft. Arbuckle (Barr 3-4).

On June 28, due to the conscription act, reorganization took place. James G. Stevens replaced Taylor as Colonel of the 22^nd. Arthur McFarland, and Howard Etheridge were discharged on July 16, 1862 from the 22^nd by orders of Albert Pike, in compliance with the Conscription Act.* Arthur was not yet 18, and Howard was over 35, both outside the age requirements for service (National Archives).

On July 12, Gen. Pike was ordered to go to Ft. Smith, Arkansas to join the new army being organized for the invasion of Missouri. He refused the order because it violated the promises made to Indian recruits and Texans to not move beyond defense of their immediate homelands, and he then resigned. Although his arrest was ordered by Gen. Hindman, who considered this treasonous, and Pike peacefully complied, nothing came of it because the Confederate headquarters accepted his resignation. (Cottrell, p. 52) Pike, probably justifying his decision to resign, wrote a letter to President Jefferson Davis on July 31, 1862 referring to his Texas cavalries as “even more worthless and troublesome together than I supposed” (Barr 4). Col. Cooper, however, did comply with Gen. Hindman’s request for troops, and the 22^nd and 34^th began moving north toward Ft. Gibson.

In the meantime the 31^st Texas Cavalry, organized in Dallas County in May, 1862, and led by Col. Trezevant C. Hawpe, a Dallas businessman, started moving north. It is at Ft. Washita that on August 9, Jasper, Newton, and Arthur McFarland join the ranks of Co. I. Arthur, who had been discharged a month earlier from the 22^nd , was mere days away from being 18, so now was allowed to rejoin—this time with his other brothers (National Archives).

All three regiments were in the area of northeastern Oklahoma (Ft. Gibson) on the eastern border with Arkansas (Ft. Smith) in July and August. It seems the 31^st was sick and going through that early adjustment period every new group goes through while their immunities build up to the rigors of camp life. In early August, the 34^th, on a reconnaissance mission out of Ft. Gibson, participated in a skirmish at Park Hill with Pin Indians who had sided with the Union. In late August, the brigade stopped at Camp Osage, while the measles epidemic raged through the troops and put 88 men in the hospital (Barr 6).

In early September, the 22^nd and 34^th Cavalries moved to Camp Caudle near Bentonville, Arkansas, five miles from the Missouri state line and joined Cooper’s Indian Brigade. There was a typhoid outbreak also at this time at Camp Myrick near McDonald, Missouri. Part of the 34^th and the 31^st rode north to attack the main camp of the 2^nd Indian Home Guard (Union- composed of Osage warriors with a fierce reputation). The Confederates captured wagons and cattle and killed between 60 and 120 men, according to one report.

They continued to move toward Newtonia, Missouri, where the 22^nd performed picket guard duty nearby. On Sept. 27, Col. Cooper sent the 31^st and an Indian battalion to Newtonia as an advanced post. The 22^nd was ordered to Granby and the 34^th marched for Granby to relieve the 22^nd on the morning of Sept. 30, the day of the battle of Newtonia. The Union troops withdrew from Newtonia and the 31^st was put in charge of securing Newtonia. All three regiments ended up fighting at Newtonia, mostly dismounted. Although the Confederates did well at Newtonia, on October 4^th they were forced to withdraw when more Union troops arrived. This was the last of Confederate troops in Missouri for the war (Barr 7-8).

In October, the 22^nd and 34^th Texas Cavalries were detached from Cooper’s Indian Brigade, and were reorganized into a new Texas brigade under Col. Thomas Coke Bass. This was very short-lived, and soon Col. William R. Bradfute was put in charge of the brigade, which was to resist the Union advance into Indian Territory and Arkansas. Confusion caused by the change of commands and the retreat led to even more confusion. Col. Bradfute fell ill and turned over command to Col. Jesse L. Craven without reporting it to Gen. Hindman. On Nov. 1, General Hindman, who felt the Texas regiments were “worthless as cavalry,” ordered them dismounted, and their horses sent to Texas (Barr 8-9). On Nov. 21, Col. Hawpe resigned and returned to Dallas. He then began hauling supplies to these forces until he was killed in a quarrel in Dallas on Aug. 14, 1863. (Harper).

On Dec. 7, a clash occurred at Prairie Grove, Arkansas as Gen. Hindman attempted to retake this part of Arkansas for the Confederacy. During the battle, the Texas regiments helped repulse three different Union attacks and followed them with counterattacks of their own. Lt. Col. Guess of the 31^st wrote home to his wife:

Our Brig(ade) was posted on the extreme left wing of the army and was not called into prominent action but a short time, but not a boy or man of them showed any disposition to flinch. The cannon balls and shells flew and burst around them and the Minnie(sic) ball whistled about their ears, but they stood calm and determined to die or win the victory. (Barr 10)

Although they held their ground, the lack of ammunition forced Hindeman to withdraw. According to historian, Alwyn Barr “morale fell to a new low and numerous desertions followed a near mutiny in the 31^st Texas when Bradfute ordered a man punished by bucking**” (11).

On Dec. 31, the 22^nd and 34^th were at Camp Roan, 4 miles southeast of Ft. Smith, Arkansas. However, the McFarlands were not present at the muster. According to records for the 22^nd, J.R. McFarland had been absent without leave since Dec. 28, 1862. In the 31^st Dismounted Cavalry, J.M. and J.H. (?) were also shown as absent without leave since Nov. 28, 1862 when the Jan. & Feb. muster occurs. J. McFarland shown as absent since Dec. 31, 1862, when the March and April muster occurs. Newton is absent since Dec. 28, 1862 in the Jan. & Feb. muster (National Archives).

1863

It seems that the problems with these regiments were felt by many, and our McFarland family members decided to go home, whether temporarily or permanently, only they knew. On January 7, 1863 the three dismounted cavalries, the 22^nd, 31^st, and 34^th, along with the 15^th Texas Infantry and the 20^th Dismounted Cavalry, were put under the command of Col. Joseph Warren Speight, the commander of the 15^th Infantry from Waco, Texas. The brigade spent January and February wintering in Indian Territory under terrible conditions (although is looks like our McFarlands had wisely gone home for the winter.) A letter home from Alfred T. Howell of the 34^th described what they were missing:

…lived for three weeks on cold flour (parched corn, ground to meal) and water. No tents, no blankets, hardly anything to leek life and soul together….Men died every day. They laid themselves down. They would not move and they died. …From Ft. Smith to the Mouth of the Kiamichi (River) where we camped, our trail was a long graveyard. (Barr 15-16)

Considering home was only 50 plus miles away, one can see why they came home. As spring arrived, however, new marching orders began. Alexander and Speight were faced with trying to round up their missing troops, and judging from the McFarland archival records, everyone began showing back up. Newton and Arthur in the 31^st were present for the muster roll for March and April, 1863, although Jasper was still absent. J. R., (James) of the 22^nd is also back for that muster roll. Many were hoping to be sent East to the center of the major battles and were not looking forward to continued service in Indian Territory. Their luck changed with a change in command at the top.

In late April, Lt. Gen. Edmund Kirby Smith, the new commander of the Trans-Mississippi Department, ordered the Texas brigade to join the army of Major General Richard Taylor in Louisiana. Union forces under Gen. Nathaniel Banks were advancing and possibly threatening Shreveport, the location of department headquarters on the Red River (Barr 18).

Col. Guess and Col. Alexander had to advertise and send officers to Texas counties to forward the missing soldiers to Alexandria in Louisiana. Col. Alexander resigned this month due to poor health. The men began arriving by foot or even steamers from East Texas. The brigade numbered around 1600 men, one-third of them unarmed. When Kirby Smith inspected his reinforcements, he decided that the 15^th and the 31^st were acceptable, but the 22^nd and the 34^th needed to remain in camp and be disciplined and drilled as infantry (Barr 18-19). George W. Merrick, who began his career as a fellow private of Co. C of the 22^nd Texas Cavalry had risen up the ranks and was promoted to Major by Lt. Gen. Kirby Smith at Camp Allston in June. He probably was the officer responsible for returning to Fannin County and rounding up the missing men (National Archives).

It seems that accepting their new role as foot soldiers was hard to bear for many of the proud cavalrymen. The next few months seem devoted to marching all over Louisiana, getting sick in camp, an occasional skirmish here and there, and brigade reorganizations.

Newton was one of the many who fell sick. His records show him as being “sick at Kiametia, May 2, 1863. This continued into the last muster roll for him in February, 1864, where he was still listed as sick at Kiametia (National Archives). Kiametia was near the Red River close to Ft. Towson, Indian Territory (today this is just north of Paris, Texas). Newton never did fully recover his health, and died in 1872 at the age of 33. Sometime during this period he must have gone home to wife Sarah because she gave birth to a son, James Robert, in March, 1864. L. T. Cunningham was listed as AWOL since April 5 (National Archives).

On July 4, 1863, after a 48 day siege, Vicksburg, on the Mississippi River, surrendered to the inevitable, and five days later, the Confederates at Port Hudson, above Baton Rouge also surrendered after a six week siege. The Mississippi was now in Union hands and the Western Confederate states were cut off. The Red River Campaign could begin in earnest.

The next battle of any note for our brigade was at Stirling’s Plantation near the Mississippi River, which had become a Federal Command Post. On September 29, a surprise attack was launched by the 15^th Texas Infantry, the 11^th Texas Battalion and the 31^st Dismounted Cavalry, led by Major Frederick Malone. It was a huge success, the Union men had 453 captured of the total 854 men present. Of the total of 121 Confederate casualties, the brigade under Speight had 104 (Barr 27).

A new brigade had been formed and put under the command of Camille Armand Jules Marie, Prince de Polignac, son of the last prime minister of Charles X of France. In fact the father, Prince de Polignac was known for his arch-conservative views in support of nobility and authoritarian monarchy. Polignac’s views were so conservative that it prompted the revolution of 1830 that led to King Charles X’s resignation and exile. Camille was a professional soldier who had fought in the Crimean War, was in Central America when the Civil War began, and offered his services to the Confederacy. In his new post, Polignac was faced with the task of raising morale and discipline in the 22^nd and the 34^th Dismounted Cavalries. John H. Caudle was now in command of the 34^th and Robert D. Stone replaced Stevens who had resigned because of his inept handling of the regiment. In October, Polignac’s command was merged with Speight’s command, joining Taylor’s army. Speight went home due to ill health, so now Polignac was commanding the 15^th Texas Infantry, the 22^nd, 31^st, and 34^th Texas Dismounted Cavalries, and the 11^th Texas Battalion, and the 17^th Texas Consolidated Dismounted Cavalry. The next several months were relatively quite, filled mostly with moving from camp to camp, and little or no fighting (Barr 28-29).

1864

On January 1, 1964 the brigade was camped in the slave quarters of the Richardson Plantation, east of Monroe, about 80 miles due east of Shreveport. (Barr 35) They moved to Harrisonburg and made camp near the Ouachita River for January and February. In February, Polignac led his men on a raid against Vidalia on the Mississippi River across from Natchez. This was their first experience with their new brigade leader, so it was very important for him that it go well. The purpose was to collect horses and mules from the Union garrison located there. They accomplished their goal and returned to camp with almost 400 head of cattle, horses, and mules, and a new respect for the commander they called “Polecat” (Barr 37).

The Union Army was continuing to make a slow thrust up the Red River Valley. This became known as the Red River Campaign. The goal was to take Shreveport, and from there move into Texas. Union gunboats were moving up river and shelling the towns as they came. At one point Harrisonburg was shelled on March 2 before being driven out by the 31^st Dismounted Cavalry. On March 8, the entire brigade was ordered out of Harrisonberg to move west to meet the Union advance.

The showdown took place near Mansfield, about 30 miles south of Shreveport. The Texas troops, along with Louisiana brigades, charged the Union lines on April 8, and pushed them into a rout. This was followed by more charges on the April 9 that ended in a stalemate, but the Union army retreated even further. The total casualties for the Texas brigade were 213. The 22^nd lost four men, the 31^st lost three, and the 34^th lost seven, the 15^th lost two, and the 17^th had 23 dead - obviously the regiment that bore the brunt of the battle (Barr 41).

Polignac was promoted to Major General over the division, and Wilburn Hill King, former colonel of the 18^th Texas was promoted to Brigadier General and put in charge of the Texas brigade. King, however, was wounded, so the actual command went to the senior colonel, Robert D. Stone of the 22^nd Texas Dismounted Cavalry. The next month, the Texas troops were moving, following the retreating Union gunboats and ironclads. On May 14 at Bayou de Glaise, a battle was fought against Union forces, 18,000 strong. During the battle, Col. Robert Stone, brigade commander, was killed while he was reporting to General Wharton. Two hundred and eight men from the Texas brigade were killed or wounded, including 18 officers. The men later questioned whether this battle had even been necessary, given that the Union was retreating anyway (Barr 44-46). On May 18, Major George W. Merrick, leader of Co. C of the 22^nd was promoted to Lt. Colonel over the battalion, and was called Merrick’s battalion till the end of the war. (National Archives)

With the conclusion of the Red River Campaign, Confederate leaders in Shreveport began considering what to do next. Gen. Bragg in Georgia wanted Lt. Gen. Richard Taylor to lead Polignac’s and Major General John G. Walker’s infantry divisions across the Mississippi. This was not a popular decision with the north Texas men who felt going that far was beyond the defense of their homeland and began deserting. Polignac’s division lost two hundred men, and Kirby Smith decided to rescind that idea because of morale issues and the Mississippi being controlled by Federal gunboats (Barr 48-49).

The Texas division was then sent north into Arkansas in September. Long marches, shortages of blankets and tents, and increasing sickness led to smaller numbers. Polignac’s division now only numbered 1,132 privates in October. Gen. Kirby Smith decided however to not winter in Arkansas where supplies were short and weather more extreme. He ordered the division to return to Louisiana to camp, where they spent time working on the road out of Shreveport. Occasionally a deserter or two would be shot. There seemed to be little attempt at keeping muster rolls during these last months of the war. The last muster roll for the Fannin county McFarlands was in the summer of 1863. They do not appear as absent or present on any documents, so their whereabouts cannot be confirmed.

1865

In January in Louisiana, the decision to dismount nine cavalry regiments, due to lack of forage, led to a split in the Texas brigade. Kirby Smith wanted experienced infantry to be the core of two brigades, one led by King and the other by newly promoted James E. Harrison, who had risen from the ranks of the 15^th Texas Infantry. On January 20, the new Texas brigade led by Harrison, was ordered to return to Texas, much to the delight of the Texas men I am sure. The 34^th however, was to stay behind with King’s brigade (Barr 53).

It is hard to know if the McFarlands were still with their units or not. Lee (L.T.) Cunningham, husband of Mary Jane McFarland Cunningham, certainly went home around February, 1865, because Lee and Mary Jane have a son named James who is born in October, 1865.

By March, Harrison’s brigade had reached Hempstead, Texas in Waller County, just northwest of Houston. Polignac had left for France to try to drum up support for the Confederates and the divisions were being reorganized and retrained as infantry. Harrison’s brigade was split and Major General Sam B. Maxey was to lead a new infantry division with the 22^nd and the 31^st being part of the 2^nd Brigade.

On April 5, the 34^th also arrived in Hempstead, made camp and began to drill. News of the collapse and surrender of the armies of Lee at Appomattox on April 9 and the assassination of Lincoln on April 15, must have sent shock waves through the Texas troops. However, the men continued to drill, and on April 24^th a meeting of the 15^th, 17^th, 22^nd, and 31^st, wrote and approved a resolution of loyalty to the Confederate cause and condemned desertion as treason. However, the tide had turned, and on May 24 Harrison issued his final order with the approval of district headquarters, commanding the regimental officers to march their troops home and discharge them. This was in acknowledgement of the reality, because many units had already gone home. Thus, there was never a formal mass surrender and laying down arms, as had happened in the Southeast. Instead there was just a quite trek home (Barr 54-56).

Two of James McFarland’s sons did not make it home from this war. They did not meet any glorious end on the battlefield, but instead died the way many others did, of disease (Albert) and starvation (James). According to Lee Cunningham of the 34^th, husband of Mary Jane McFarland, when he and James McFarland (J.R. of the 22^nd) were coming home, they were starving for food. They ate green corn from a field and James died from it. There is no indication what year that happened.

As years go by, and the men who actually fought in any war die, ancestors try to resurrect those days, hoping to find some moments of glory to exalt. This has not happened in my research of these relatives that fought in the Civil War. In fact, I have come to the conclusion that most of my Fannin County ancestors discovered the reality of war was lacking any romantic appeal. The younger McFarland sons probably thought it would be exciting—a nice break from the routine of farming life. The oldest son, Jackson, too old for the CSA, signed up for the Texas State Troops, but spent most of his enlistments taking care of his crops. They left behind no letters or documents to speak to us of their feelings during this war. Father James had been a Republican, and Jackson’s son, James Franklin, just a youth during the Civil War, was an advocate of the Republican Party in Texas, which after Reconstruction, was most unpopular. However, I do think this indicates the overall feeling felt by many in the North Texas counties.

The further I read and research, the more I conclude that although slavery was the issue that divided the nation and had to be resolved, it was not what motivated the majority of men and boys to fight. In fact, I doubt if “states’ rights” was even the issue in north Texas. I believe it boiled down to the very simple idea of territorial marking that is part of our genetic heritage. The idea that some outsider might come into their territory, or possibly stir up the Indians in the Indian Territory, to attack the farmers in Texas, was enough to motivate the men of Fannin County. As the war turned out to be filled with sickness, an absence of basic supplies, endless marching once they were dismounted, danger, and no end in sight, many of the men of North Texas decided that their homes were more threatened by their absence than by their presence in their units.

Robert H. Taylor, the lawyer from Bonham who helped organize and lead the 22^nd Cavalry, became a leader of the new Republican Party during Reconstruction. He was one of only three men calling for Negro suffrage at the Constitutional Convention in 1866. When Reconstruction ended in 1873 and the Democrats took over Texas, Taylor became part of the minority, as he had been prior to the Civil War, when he supported staying in the Union. In 1879, however, the people from Fannin County supported him and elected him as their representative again to the Texas House. I take pride that my ancestors were among his supporters.

Works Cited:

Barr, Alwyn. Polignac’s Texas Brigade. Texas A & M University Press: College Station, Texas. 1998.

Cottrell Steve. Civil War in the Indian Territory. Pelican Publishing Co.: Gretna, Louisiana. 1995.

Harper Jr., Cecil. “Hawpe, Trezevant C.”, Handbook of Texas Online, TSHA Online, http://www.tsha.utexas.edu/handbook/online/articles/view/HH/fhabe.html

Kilgore, Deborah K. “Taylor, Robert H.”, Handbook of Texas Online, TSHA Online, http://www.tsha.utexas.edu/handbook/online/articles/view/TT/fta24.html

Ft. Washita History. (http://www.civilwaralbum.com/washita/1842_his.htm)

Research notes and On-line links:

*On April 16, 1862 the Confederate Congress passed a conscript law for all men 18 to 35, except those with large numbers of slaves. Martial law was established on April 28^th, 1862 and on May 30, 1862 for the whole state of Texas. The conscription law was amended on Sept. 27, 1862 to extend to age 45. In February, 1864 it was extended again from 17 to 50.

Sources:

Confederate Military History, Vol. XV Texas. 1899, Confederate Publishing Co., reprinted in 1989. Dallas Public Library. p. 68.

"Historical Times Encyclopedia of the Civil War" Edited by Patricia L. Faust.

**In a report on punishment used in New York’s Sing Sing prison in 1853, bucking is described as:

This punishment consisted of a wooden bar inserted between a man's arms and legs while he was in a sitting position. Then the bar was hoisted onto a stand causing the man to hang upside down like a roasted pig. Periodically, the inmate was turned right side up by the guards to avoid unconsciousness. "Bucking" was considered a severe punishment and used only in the most serious cases (Fifth Annual Report to the State Legislature dated January 6, 1853). (http://www.crimelibrary.com/notorious_murders/famous/sing_sing/3.html?sect=7)

The basic army units are:

A company consists of 100 men led by a Captain. That can be further broken down to 2 platoons, or 4 sections, or 8 squads.

4 to 8 companies are a Battalion commanded by a Major or a Lt. Colonel.

10 companies are a Regiment commanded by a Colonel.

3 to 6 Regiments are a Brigade, led by a Brigadier General.

2 to 6 Brigades are a Division led by a Major General.

2 to 4 divisions are a Corps.

There are then several Armies led by full generals. Texas was part of the Trans-Mississippi Army.

http://www.bauer.uh.edu/parks/tex/texreb1.html

North Texas Regiments

22^nd Regiment Texas Cavalry:

At Ft. Washita, the 22^nd Regiment Texas Cavalry: “was organized January 16, 1862, and reorganized June 30, 1862, with ten companies, A to K. It appears to have been reduced to a battalion of six companies A to F, some time after February 29, 1864. The organization was known at various times as the 1^st Indian Regiment Texas Cavalry, Merricks’s Regiment Texas Dismounted Cavalry, Taylor’s Regiment Texas Cavalry, Taylor’s Regiment Texas Mounted Rifles, Steven’s Regiment Texas Cavalry, Stone’s Battalion Texas Cavalry and Merrick’s Battalion Texas Infantry or dismounted Cavalry.” Source: National Archives

Using George W. Merrick’s papers, which, because of his rise through the ranks, is more thoroughly documented than the McFarlands, the changing names of this group can be followed. Before it became the 22^nd, it was known as Taylor’s Reg’t of Texas Mounted Rifles in December, 1861 when they mustered at Ft. Washita. With the creation of the 22^nd in January, 1862 to June, 1862, the 22^nd was a part of the 1^st Indian Reg’t Texas Cavalry. The second half of 1862, the 22^nd was part of Stevens’ Regiment of Texas Dismounted Cavalry. Later, it is under Col. Stone as a Battalion, and then in May, 1864 until the end of the war, Geo. W. Merrick, who was with Co. C from its beginning, leads the Dismounted Battalion until its surrender.

The commanders of the 22^nd at various times include:

1. Col. Robert H. Taylor, Co. G. http://www.tsha.utexas.edu/handbook/online/articles/view/TT/fta24.html

2. Col. James G. Stevens, Co. D, who rose from Captain to Col., replacing Taylor as commander on June 28, 1862 after the regiment was reorganized.

3. (Col. Cravens commands beginning Oct. 15, 1862.?)

4. Robert D. Stone, who was in Co. H, and rose from 2^nd Lt. to Lt. Col.

5. Geo. W. Merrick, from Co. C, rose from 2^nd Lt. to Col. and commander of the Battalion in May, 1864, after the death of Col. Stone

John W. Piner, age 41, was the enlisting captain at Ft. Washita (he also had been an organizer for the 14^th Brigade.) George Merrick ended up the Captain of Co. C, of the 22^nd Texas Cavalry. For some reason, John W. Piner’s name does not show up in indexes of Civil War rosters, although we know he was a leader in the 22^nd Cavalry. He was in the Honey Grove census of 1860 as J.W. Piner, age 40, born 1819 in Kentucky. He survived the war and appears in the 1870 census in Fannin County as John Piner. I have not located George after the war.

Company C members (roster not complete, I only put names that were relatives, neighbors, or familiar to the McFarland family)

Christopher C. Cox

Joel H. Cunningham

Howard (Ethrage, Ethridge, Ethiredge)

Wiley Hulsey – 2^nd Lieutenant

William H. Hulsey

Thomas I. Jackson

Andrew J. Lyday

Albert McFarland

Arthur McFarland

J. R. McFarland

Marion L. Nix

Hampton Rattan

Martin C. Sloan

William B. Sloan

Ansolim Terry

Cyrus Terry

Hiram Terry

J.C. Terry

Thomas B. Terry

Frank Chamlee- Steven’s Regiment Dismounted Cavalry April 10, 1862 at Fort McCulloch

George W. Merrick: goes from 2^nd Lt. to Lt. Col. by the end of the war.

Company I

J.R. McFarland (Brush Battalion)

C.C. Rattan

John Rattan, Capt. (according to rejected pension application #4005- but not found in the records)

Company B

John B. Deaver – Sergeant

Company G

Granville D. Cross

Company K

Charles T. Bourland

31^st Regiment Texas Cavalry:

“The 31^st Regiment Texas Cavalry (also known as Hawpe’s Regiment Texas Cavalry or Mounted Volunteers) was organized May 14, 1862 with eight companies, A to H. Company I was organized August 9, 1862, but no record of a Company K has been found.” (National Archives)

The Hawpe referred to as the leader of this regiment is Trezevant C. Hawpe, who moved to Dallas County in 1848, served as sheriff and justice of the peace in the 1850s and was one of the county’s wealthiest individuals according to the 1860 census. He organized the 31^st in 1862 and was elected its colonel. This battalion was originally to be part of the Arizona Brigade, although they never went there. Instead, this battalion served under Gen. Thomas C. Hindman in Indian Terrritory, Arkansas, and Missouri. It went to Ft. Washita, and added Co. I.

The McFarlands in this unit were enrolled into Co. I by J. W. Marshall on August 9, 1862 at Ft. Washita, in Indian Territory. John W. Marshall is recorded as being the Captain of Co. H of the 31^st Texas Cavalry, and I found him living in Hunt County in the 1860 census. I assume he was recruiting into a new Company. The Sergeant and then Captain of this company was George J. Barrett, who I found in Fannin County in 1870 living in Prec. 2. He was born in 1833 in Alabama. Another Sergeant of Co. I was John H. Burgett, born in Ohio in 1833. I found him living in Pilot Point, Denton Co., Prec. 2, in 1870 and before the war in Montague Co. Two other officers of the 31^st were George W. Guess, who started in Co. A as a Private, but ended the war as a Lt. Col. He lived in Prec. 1, Dallas, was born in 1828 in North Carolina. The Colonel of this unit was Fred. C. Malone, who started in Co. C as a 1^st Lt., and by the end of the war was a full Colonel. He appears to be from Lavaca Co., Texas, born in Alabama in 1825.

This regiment fought in the battle at Newtonia, Missouri in September 1862. On November 1, the regiment was dismounted and on Nov. 21, 1862, Hawpe resigned and returned to Dallas. He then worked transporting food and supplies to the troops, but was killed in a quarrel in 1863.

Company I

A. McFarland – this would be Arthur

Jasper McFarland (appears also as J.M. McFarland and J.H., and Joseph McFarland)

N. McFarland – this would be Newton

Company B

L. McFarland

Sources:

Civil War Index

Census Records

Cecil Harper, Jr., Handbook of Texas Online, Hawpe, Trezevant C., TSHA Online, http://www.tsha.utexas.edu/handbook/online/articles/view/HH/fhabe.html

34^th Texas Cavalry:

On March 6, 1862 - Co. I was formed in Honey Grove, Fannin County, Texas. The men were enlisted by J. A. Donelson for a period of twelve months. They were made a part of

the 34^th Texas Cavalry when it was organized April 17, 1862 at Ft. Washita in Indian Territory (Oklahoma). The 34^th was led by Col. Almerine M. Alexander. They were also known as the 2^nd Regiment Texas Partisan Rangers. Engagements included: September 1862, Newtonia Missouri; Dec. 1862, Prairie Grove, Arkansas; and in Sept. 1863, Stirling’s Plantation, Morganza Louisiana. Muster Roll shows the 34^th at Camp Allston, Louisiana in 1863. This was followed by the Red River Campaign in 1864, along with most of the north Texas companies, and then battles at the Atchafalaya River and Morgan’s Ferry in Sept, 1864. The army was formally surrendered June 2, 1865 at Galveston.

A. M. Alexander found in 1860 census in Grayson Co., Texas. 41 yrs old, born in Ky., a merchant with land valued at 55,000 and personal property at 60,000. He was not found in the 1870 census, although it looks like his son was still living in Grayson Co., much diminished in wealth.

Co. I:

L.T. Cunningham

J.C. Hulsey-Co. I – (Joel Calvin)

H. H. Fry

G. W. Fry

A. F. Merrill- Sergeant

B. F. Merrill-

Wm. B. Inglish-Co. E

In the Widow’s Application #23988, filed in 1913 by Mrs. Margaret Hulsey of Fannin County, widow of Joel Calvin Hulsey, Co. I was led by 1^st Lt. J.H. Kincaid, and Capt. J.H. Roderick.

Chambers Battalion Texas Reserves

Co. E

J. McFarland (this would be Jackson)

J.M. Harper

W. Hulsey ( Wiley?)

J. D. Bartley

James Sloan

E. W. Cummins

C. L. Cox

John Cox

1^st Battn Texas Sharp Shooters, Burnett’s Battalion (13^th Texas Cavalry)

Co. B

Hardin Hulsey - 31, 1831, Pvt. Aug. 1, 1862, Fannin Co.

James Hulsey – 18, 1844, Pvt. Aug. 1, 1862, Fannin Co.

Wm. Hulsey – 25, 1838, Pvt. Aug. 1, 1862, Fannin Co.

Co. D

James Blankenship - 23, 1839, Pvt. Aug. 1, 1862, Grayson Co.

D. M. McFarland – 24, 1838, Pvt. Aug. 1, 1862, Grayson Co.

William J. McFarland – 19, 1843, Aug. 1, 1862, Grayson Co.

Individual Records from National Archives and personal documents:

Jackson McFarland. Jackson originally enlisted on July 6, 1861 in Honey Grove in the Texas State Troops, 14^th Regiment, in the Fannin County Company under Captain John W. Piner. He was 43 years old. This was before the CSA had been organized. In April, 1862, he was elected to be a Second Lieutenant for Beat 4 of this 14^th Brigade. So while his younger brothers were off fighting in Indian Territory, and later Louisiana, Jackson was keeping the fields planted and supplying cotton for the cause. According to personal records saved by Jackson, in early 1864, he enrolled at Camp Lane in Fannin County for a six month tour of duty. This time he was serving in Capt. William Dulany’s Co. K in the 2^nd Regiment Cavalry of the Texas State Troops. One document from Headquarters in Bonham, dated April 1, 1864, allowed Jackson to go home for 30 days to run his threshing machine. Officers listed in the document include Capt. Dulany, John P. Hill, A.A. Gen., and Brig. Gen. James W. Throckmorton***, who was the commander of the northern military district.

When that term ended, he enlisted at Camp Roberts on May 11, 1864 in Co. E, under Captain Ez. Williams, of Major Edward Chambers’ Battalion of the Texas Reserve Corps Infantry of the CSA. This battalion was organized on May 11, 1864, with five companies, A to E. On May 12, Jackson is described as 47 years, with black hair and dark eyes, dark complexion, 5’ 10” and a farmer in Fannin County. He is detached from the company and sent home with the job of growing crops that will be sold to the “government and the famileys (sic) of soldiers at skedule (sic) rates…” Another memento saved by Jackson was a $500. non taxable certificate from the Confederate States of America, promising to pay $500.00 plus accrued interest of Six Percent per Annum, two years after a peace treaty is ratified with the United States. These enlistments are verified by personal papers that Jackson kept and passed down to his family members, as well as the National Archives.

***James W. Throckmorton was among the early Texas Unionists, who voted against secession at the Secession Convention in 1861. After Ft. Sumter, he took an active role of leadership for the Confederacy.

Arthur McFarland. During the Civil War, Arthur is first recorded as being at Ft. Washita on Dec. 27, 1861. He is 17, black hair, dark eyes, dark complexion, on a horse valued at $150. and rigging $35. He is part of Taylor's Regiment of Texas Mounted Rifles, 22nd Cavalry, Co. C. Then the Company Muster Roll shows him as enlisting on Feb. 25, 1862 under J.W. Piner for 12 months. He is present for Jan 16, to June 30, 1862, and the Co. C is now called the 1 Indian Reg't Texas Cavalry. Then the next muster role is for June 30 to Dec. 31, 1862 and it says that he was discharged July 16, 1862 by order of Gen. Albert Pike, in compliance with Act of Congress approved April 16, 1862. At age 17 he was too young to serve, however, on August 9, 1862 at Fort Washita, he was enrolled into Co. I, of the 31^st Cavalry for the duration of the war. This unit was also known as Hawpe's Regiment Texas Cavalry or Mounted Volunteers that was organized first on May 14th, 1862 with companies A to H. Company I was organized on August 9th, 1862, the day he joined. This is also the unit that brothers Newton and Jasper joined. Then on December 28th, 1862 he is listed Absent without leave. Then in March and April of 1863 listed as Present and entitled to bounty, and last paid on June 30th, 1863.

Albert McFarland. Enlisted Feb. 25, 1862 in 22^nd Cavalry, Co. C of 1 Indian Reg’t Texas Cavalry. Signed by J.W. Piner for 12 months at Ft. Washitah (sic). Died April 13, 1862. No other information is given.

J. R. McFarland. First enlisted in the Texas State Troops, 14^th Regiment, July 6, 1861 in Ladonia. He signed under George W. Merrick. Once the Confederate States organized an army, Merrick seems to have taken his men and enrolled in the 22^nd Cavalry as Co. C. J.R. is shown on Roll dated Dec. 27, 1861 at Fort Washita in Indian Territory. Enlisted Feb. 25, 1862 in 22^nd Cavalry, Co. C, Taylor’s Reg’t Texas Mounted Rifles. 5’ 10”. Age 30. Occupation: Farmer. Born: Missouri. Hair, black; eyes, dark; complexion, dark. Value of horse, 180; rigging, 25. Next shown Jan. 16 to June 30, 1862 as part of same company C, now called 1 Indian Reg’t Texas Cavalry, enlisted by J.W. Piner for 12 months. Then June 30 to Dec. 31, 1862, shown part of same company C, of Steven’s Regiment Texas Dismounted Cavalry, shown as Absent without leave since Dec. 28, 1862. Then for March and April of 1863 shown as present. Then for May and June of 1863, still called Steven’s Regiment of Texas Dismounted Cavalry, J.R. is paid $12.00 for use of private gun. His records say see also Brush Battalion.

N. McFarland. Shown enlisted August 9, 1862, at Ft. Washita into Co. I, 31^st Cavalry by J.W. Marshall for a period of three years or the war. There are three rolls, Jan. and Feb. 1863, shown absent without leave from Dec. 28, 1862, entitled to Bounty, then in March and April, 1863, present and entitled to bounty, and then July and August, 1863, shows him absent and remarks are “sick at Kiametia, May 2, 1863. Entitled to bounty.”

(I assume the next three are all for Jasper- the National Archives considers them to be the same person.)

J. M. and J. H. McFarland. Shown enlisted August 9, 1862 at Fort Washita into Co. I, 31^st Cavalry by J. W. Marshall into Co. I, 31^st Texas Cavalry for the war. Shown to be absent without leave from November 28, 1862, on Jan. and Feb. of 1863 muster roll. Entitled to bounty.

J. McFarland. Shown enlisted Aug. 9, 1862 at Ft. Washita into Co. I, 31^st Cavalry by J. W. Marshall for 3 years or the war. On March and April 1863 muster roll, shown as absent without leave since December 31, 1862. Entitled to bounty.

Jasper McFarland. Shown enlisted Aug. 9, 1862 at Ft. Washita into Co. I, 31^st Cavalry by J. W. Marshall for 3 years or the war. On July and August, 1863 muster roll, he is listed as present and last paid by Capt. Murphy on June 30, 1863.

Howard Etheridge: spelled various ways. Begins with Roll dated Dec. 27, 1861 at Fort Washita. He is 6 ft. tall, 46 years old, is a farmer born in Mississippi, with gray hair, blue eyes, fair complexion. His horse is valued at $140, and rigging at $20. He is in Co. C. of the 22^nd Cavalry, part of Taylor’s Reg’t Texas Mounted Rifles. Formal enlistment and muster date is Feb. 25, 1862 at Ft. Washita. Then from Jan. 16 to June 30, 1862 he is listed as present, and shows that he was enlisted by J.W. Piner for 12 months. Now Co. C is part of the 1^st Indian Reg’t Texas Cavalry. Then from June 30 to Dec. 31, 1862 he is shown as part of Co. C, Steven’s Regiment of Texas Dismounted Cavalry. Under remarks, it shows that he is discharged July 16, 1862 by order of Gen. Albert Pike in compliance with act of Congress approved April 16, 1862. I assume this is because he is over age. The last document shows a payment made on April 7, 1863 by Jim Farr for clothing.

L.T. Cunningham: known as Lee, or Leroy. Records show he enlisted on March 3, 1862 at Honey Grove by J.A. Donelson for 12 months. Only two records survive. One muster roll for Feb. 28 to June 30, 1863 that shows him absent without leave since April 5. The next is for April, 1865, and lists him as on regular furlough, which must mean that he had rejoined his unit. His records say also see Brush Battalion. I am not sure what that means, except that J.R. McFarland’s do also, and the two brothers-in-law were together when they were returning home.

Frank Chamlee. First husband of Mary Ellen Terry, who later married Arthur Rodney McFarland. Enlisted as a private into Co. C of the 22^nd Texas Cavalry (Steven’s Regiment of Texas Dismounted Cavalry) on April 10, 1862 at Ft. McCulloch for a period of 12 months. Deserted August 16, 1862 at Ft. Gibson. He was caught and court martialed and then put back in service. He must have left again and it seems he was not alone in doing this; however, he met a more severe fate than others. According to family lore, Frank was hunted down and killed by the Journegan brothers where he was hiding in Journegan’s Thicket in Hunt County.

George W. Merrick. I have included his information because he was the commander of Co. C of the 22^nd Cavalry. Therefore his records indicate where the company was located at various times during the war.

George W. Merrick enrolled on December 14, 1861 in Honey Grove, Texas by J.W. Piner for a period of 12 months. He was mustered at Ft. Washita on December 27, 1861, and described as being 5 ft. 10 in., 30 years old, born in Tennessee, dark hair, black eyes, dark complexion, horse worth $140, rigging worth $30. He is a 2^nd Lt. Jr. of Co. C of the 22^nd Cavalry.

Muster roll for Jan. 16 to June 30, 1862, Co. C is now 1^st Indian Reg’t Texas Cavalry, and he signed the roll as Captain.

Muster roll for June 30 to Dec. 31, 1862, Co. C is now called Stevens’ Regiment Texas Dismounted Cavalry. He is Captain.

Next muster roll is for March and April, 1863, he is Captain and shows that he was last paid by Jim Farr to the date of Dec. 31, 1862. Receipts for pay show that he was paid $591 total for 6 months of service. The pay as a 2^nd Lt. was $90. a month.

On May 15, 1863, George is promoted to Major, by order of Gen. E. Kirby Smith. The Commission begins on June 24, 1863 at Camp Allston in Louisiana. In June, 1863 he pays $24.00 for 4 yards of gray cloth. I assume this is so he can have a new uniform made to fit his new rank. On July 3, 1863, George was paid $284.40. The pay for a Captain was $140 a month and for a Major, $162. a month.

The next muster roll is for Jan. and Feb. of 1864, he is still the Major of Stevens’ Reg’t Texas Dismounted Cavalry, and the station is Camp near Harrisonburg, Louisiana.

On May 18, 1864 George is promoted to Lt. Col. of Merrick’s Battalion Dismounted Cavalry of the 22^nd Cavalry, due to the death of Col. Stone.

The last document that relates to his service is the Return of the troops, Maxey’s Infantry Division, in April, 1865 of Lt. Col. Merrick’s Battalion, 2^nd Brigade.

(Source: National Archives Records)