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Ancestors of Dr. Dan L. Anglin

17502500.Richard Musgrave⁹³⁸, born WFT Est. 1417-1449⁹³⁸; died WFT Est. 1444-1529⁹³⁸.He was the son of 35005000. Thomas Musgrave and 35005001. wife of Thomas Musgrave Alice.

Child of Richard Musgrave is:

8751250

Thomas Musgrave, born WFT Est. 1444-1489; died WFT Est. 1471-1565; married WFT Est. 1466-1523.

18876416.John Colepeper, born Abt. 1214 in Of Kent, England.He was the son of 37752832. Sir Knight Thomas Colepeper.

Child of John Colepeper is:

9438208

Thomas Colepeper, born Abt. 1244 in Of Brenchley, K., England; married Abt. 1273 in Of Brenchley, K., England.

18923520.Tancreed, born 1223 in Rome, Italy.He was the son of 37847040. Tancreed.

Child of Tancreed is:

9461760

Aaron Fitzrogers I, born 1249 in Rome, Italy.

      18923536.Henry De Furnellis, born Abt. 1174 in Of Ashington, s., England; died 1216 in Of England.He was the son of 37847072. Henry De Furnellis and 37847073. Joan Fitzwilliam.He married 18923537. Joan Fitzwilliam Bef. 1213 in Ashington, S., England.
      18923537.Joan Fitzwilliam, born Abt. 1182 in Of Ashington, S., England.She was the daughter of 37847074. Robert FITZWILLIAM.

Child of Henry De Furnellis and Joan Fitzwilliam is:

9461768

Matthew De Furneaux, born Abt. 1211 in Ashington, S., England; died Bef. 1293 in Of Ashington, S., England; married in S., England.

      18923540.Simon De Ralegh, born Abt. 1220 in Nettlecombe, England; died Aft. 1302 in Nettlecombe, England.He was the son of 37847080. Simon De Ralegh and 37847081. Ela De Reigny.He married 18923541. Joan Le Tort Abt. 1240 in Owl Knoll, S., England.
      18923541.Joan Le Tort, born Abt. 1220 in Owl Knoll, S., England.She was the daughter of 37847082. Laurence Le Tort.

Child of Simon De Ralegh and Joan Le Tort is:

9461770

Sir Knight Warin De Ralegh, born Abt. 1245 in Nettlecombe, England; married Joanna Boteler Abt. 1264 in Wales.

      18923648.[Lord of Wadesdon] John De Courtenay, Lord of Wadesdon^939,⁹⁴⁰, born July 26, 1224 in Okehampton, D., England; died May 03, 1274.He was the son of 37847296. Sir Knight Robert De Courtenay and 37847297. Mary De Reviers.He married 18923649. Isabel De VERE Abt. 1249 ⁹⁴¹.
      18923649.Isabel De VERE^942,⁹⁴³, born Abt. 1228 in Totnes, D., England; died August 11, 1300 ⁹⁴⁴.She was the daughter of 37847298. Hugh De Vere, IV Earl Of Oxford and 37847299. Hawise De Quincy.

Child of John De Courtenay and Isabel De VERE is:

9461824

Sir Knight Hugh De Courtenay, born March 25, 1250; died March 03, 1290/91; married Eleanor Le Despencer Abt. 1274 in D., England.

      18923650.[Earlof Winchestr] Hugh Le Despencer, Earl of Winchester^945,^946,⁹⁴⁷, born Abt. 1197 in Of Ryhall, R., England; died February 23, 1237/38 ^948,⁹⁴⁹.He was the son of 37847300. Thomas DESPENCER.He married 18923651. Countess of Winchester.
      18923651.Countess of Winchester, born Abt. 1202 in Of Ryhall, R., England.

Children of Hugh Le Despencer and Countess Winchester are:

		i.		Sir Knight Hugh Le Despencer, born Bef. 1223 in Of L., England; died August 04, 1265 in Battle of E., England; married Aline (Aliva or Alice) Bassett Abt. 1260 in Of Wycombe, B., England; born 1241 in Of W., England; died Bef. April 11, 1281.
	9461825	ii.		Eleanor Le Despencer, born Abt. 1225 in Ryhal, R., England; died September 30, 1328; married Sir Knight Hugh De Courtenay Abt. 1274 in D., England.

      18923652.Robert Saint John, born Abt. 1199 in P., England; died March 1266/67.He was the son of 37847304. William Saint John and 37847305. Godechild Paynell.He married 18923653. Agnes Cantilupe.
      18923653.Agnes Cantilupe, born Abt. 1202 in K., England.She was the daughter of 37847306. William Cantilupe and 37847307. Milicent Gournai.

Child of Robert Saint John and Agnes Cantilupe is:

9461826

John Saint John, born Abt. 1225 in Bosing, H., England; died June 1256; married Alice Fitzpiers

18923656.Humphrey De BohunVI, Earl Of Hereford^950,^951,^952,^953,⁹⁵⁴, born WFT Est. 1184-1237 in Earl of Hereford ⁹⁵⁵; died WFT Est. 1257-1340⁹⁵⁵.He was the son of 37847312. Henry De BohunV, Earl Of Hereford.

Child of Humphrey De BohunVI, Earl Of Hereford is:

9461828

Humphrey De Bohun VII Earl Of Hereford & Essex, born Abt. 1257 in Earl of Herford & Essex; died 1321 in High Counstable of England; married Maud De Fiennes, Countess of Hereford & Essex 1275.

18923660.Henry III Plantagenet King of England, Earl Leic^956,^957,^958,⁹⁵⁹, born October 01, 1206 in Winchester, Hampshire, England ^960,^961,⁹⁶²; died November 16, 1272 in Westminster, Middlesex, England ^963,^964,⁹⁶⁵.He was the son of 37847320. John I Plantagenet "Lackland" King Of England and 37847321. [QUEEN OF ENGLAND] Isabella De Taillefer, Countess of Angouleme.He married 18923661. [QUEEN OF SICILY] Eleanor Berengar Countess Of PROVENCE January 14, 1235/36 in Cantebury Cathedral ^966,⁹⁶⁷.
18923661.[QUEEN OF SICILY] Eleanor Berengar Countess Of PROVENCE^968,^969,^970,^971,⁹⁷², born 1217 in Of Aix-en-Provence, Bouches-du-Rhone, France ^973,^974,⁹⁷⁵; died June 24, 1291 in Amesbury, Wiltshire, England ^976,^977,^978,^979,⁹⁸⁰.She was the daughter of 37847322. [& FORCALQUIER] Raymond Alfonsez Berenger V Count Of Provence and 37847323. Beatrix Countess Of SAVOY.

Notes for [QUEEN OF SICILY] Eleanor Berengar Countess Of PROVENCE:
[Brøderbund WFT Vol. 3, Ed. 1, Tree #2553, Date of Import: Oct 5, 1997]
Also had 2 sons who dies young and 5 daughters.

Children of Henry England and Eleanor PROVENCE are:

	9461830	i.		Edward I Plantagenet Longshanks King Of England, born June 17, 1239 in Westminster Palace, England; died July 07, 1307 in Burgos, Burghon-on-the-Sand (near Carlisle) Spain; married (1) [QUEEN OF ENGLAND] Eleanor Princess of Leon & Castile October 18, 1254 in Monastery of Las Huelgas, Burgos, Castile; married (2) Marguerite Princess Of FRANCE September 1299.
		ii.		[PRINCESS OF ENGLAND] Margaret Queen Of England, Scotland, & France ^981,^982,^983,^984,⁹⁸⁵, born 1240 ⁹⁸⁶; died 1275⁹⁸⁶; married Alexander III King Of SCOTLAND 1251 ^987,^988,^989,⁹⁹⁰; born September 04, 1241 in Roxburgh, Roxburghshire, Scotland ^991,⁹⁹²; died March 19, 1285/86 in Kinghorn, Fifeshire, Scotland ^993,⁹⁹⁴.

Notes for Alexander III King Of SCOTLAND:
[Brøderbund WFT Vol. 3, Ed. 1, Tree #2553, Date of Import: Oct 5, 1997]
Alexander III (of Scotland) (1241-86), king of Scotland (1249-86), son of Alexander II and his second wife, Mary of Coucy. In 1251 Alexander married Margaret, the daughter of King Henry III of England, and the English repeatedly attempted to interfere in Scottish affairs during his minority. He successfully resisted an invasion by King Hakon IV of Norway at the battle of Largs (1263), and in 1266 he forced Håkon's successor, Magnus VI, to surrender the Isle of Man and the Hebrides Islands to Scotland. Alexander was succeeded by his granddaughter Margaret, the Maid of Norway (1282?-90).
"Alexander III (of Scotland)," Microsoft (R) Encarta. Copyright (c) 1993 Microsoft Corporation. Copyright (c) 1993 Funk & Wagnall's Corporation
World Book Encyclopedia
Scotland is one of the four major political divisions that make up the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.The other divisions are England, Northern Ireland, and Wales.Edinburgh is the capital of Scotland, and Glasgow is the largest city.
Scotland occupies the northern third of the island of Great Britain in the British Isles.Most of Scotland is mountainous.Its rugged mountains, green valleys, and deep, blue lakes provide some of the most beautiful scenery in Europe.Most of the Scottish people live in the central part of Scotland, where there is flatter and more fertile land. Many Scots work in the service and manufacturing industries, which form the basis of the Scottish economy.
The Scottish people have long been famous for their close-knit clans (groups of related families), colorful plaid kilts, and skill as fierce warriors.But the clans have lost much of their importance, kilts are worn mainly for ceremonial occasions, and no war has been fought in Scotland for more than 200 years.
This article tells about the people, geography, and economy of Scotland. The article also traces Scotland's history up to the late 1700's. For a discussion of the United Kingdom as a whole, of Scotland's relation to the other divisions of the United Kingdom, and of the history of Scotland after 1782, see the World Book article UNITED KINGDOM.
Government
The United Kingdom, often called Britain or Great Britain, is a constitutional monarchy.The British monarch is the head of state, but a cabinet of government officials called ministers actually governs the United Kingdom.The prime minister is the chief official.Parliament makes the laws.Parliament includes the monarch, the House of Commons, and the House of Lords.Members of the House of Commons are elected from England, Northern Ireland, Scotland, and Wales.Scotland elects 72 of the 651 members of the Commons.The Lords has limited power.Most of its members are nobles who inherit their seats.For more information on the British government, see UNITED KINGDOM (Government).
The Scottish Office.Scotland's chief minister is the secretary of state for Scotland.This official is appointed by the prime minister and is a member of the Cabinet.
The secretary's office, called the Scottish Office, is based in Edinburgh, with an additional office in London.The Scottish Office has five main departments.The Agriculture and Fisheries Department deals with Scotland's agricultural and fishing industries.The Industry Department deals with industrial and economic development.The Environment Department is concerned with such fields as environmental protection, housing, and public utilities.The Education Department supervises public education.The Home and Health Department oversees criminal justice, police and fire protection, prisons, and public health.A secretary runs each department.
Local government.Scotland is divided into 32 unitary authorities. Unitary authorities form a single level of local government directly responsible to the central government.Each unitary authority is supervised by an elected council.It is responsible for providing a full range of local services, including education, fire and police services, libraries, refuse collection and disposal, road planning and maintenance, and social services.
Devolution.Most Scots long believed that Scotland should have greater control over its own affairs, and they supported some amount of devolution (the granting of self-government).
People
Population.About three-fourths of Scotland's people live in the lowlands of central Scotland, a region that makes up only about a sixth of the Scottish mainland.The rugged Highlands and the hilly uplands of southern Scotland are more sparsely populated.The Highlands, which cover about two-thirds of the Scottish mainland, have some of the most thinly populated areas in Scotland.Less than 2 percent of the people live in Scotland's three island authority areas of Orkney, Shetland, and the Western Isles.
One of Scotland's major problems has been emigration.Particularly in the 1960's, thousands of people left Scotland because of limited job opportunities.But new industries, such as the production of oil from the North Sea, have helped provide more jobs.
Ancestry.Most Scottish people are descended from peoples who came to Scotland thousands of years ago.These groups included the Celts, Scandinavians, and a Celtic tribe from Ireland called the Scots.Each group influenced Scottish civilization.
Language.English is the official language throughout the United Kingdom.In Scotland, English is spoken in a variety of dialects.
About 80,000 Scots speak Gaelic, an ancient Celtic language.Most of these people live in the Highlands or on the islands west of the mainland.See GAELIC LANGUAGE.
Way of life
Industrialization has eliminated many of Scotland's old traditions and ways of life.Many fortified castles still stand in Scotland, remnants of its warlike past.But day-to-day living in Scotland is becoming more like that in other parts of the United Kingdom and Europe.Today, most Scots are wage earners who live in or near cities.
City life.Small homes, row houses, and apartment buildings made of stone are common in Scotland's cities.Many Scottish cities developed around coal mining and heavy industry during the 1800's and early 1900's.Much of the housing at that time was of poor quality.However, after World War II ended in 1945, the government began extensive efforts to improve living conditions in Scotland.It replaced much of the housing with modern, government-owned dwellings.The councils that oversee the local government areas own the government dwellings, which are called council houses.By the end of the 1900's, privately owned housing was becoming more popular than government-owned housing in Scotland.
Crowding and pollution are rare in Scottish cities, partly because Scotland's heavy industry has declined.Glasgow ranked as a great industrial and commercial center in the late 1800's and early 1900's.It was known as the Second City of the British Empire, London being the first city.Five new towns, including East Kilbride and Cumbernauld, were built in the Central Lowlands to ease crowding in Glasgow.Although much heavy industry closed in the mid-1900's, new industries in light manufacturing and other fields have developed, keeping Glasgow and the Central Lowlands the industrial center of Scotland.But some towns in the area still face high unemployment rates.
Unlike the people in Glasgow, people in Aberdeen have seen great growth and prosperity since the 1970's.This growth is mostly due to the opening of offshore oil and gas fields under the North Sea.The fields provide many jobs and bring much money to the area.They have made Aberdeen the oil capital of Europe.
Rural life.Less than one-fourth of Scotland's people live in rural areas.Much of Scotland's countryside has rugged terrain and offers only a limited number of jobs and resources.Some rural workers fish, grow crops, raise livestock, or harvest timber.However, only about 2 percent of Scotland's employed people earn their living in farming, fishing, and forestry.As a result, many rural dwellers work in the cities.
The distinction between urban and rural communities in Scotland is often blurred.As a result of better transportation and greater contact with the cities, rural communities have become less distinctive and their people less close-knit.As in the cities, housing in rural areas greatly improved during the late 1900's.Fewer rural people live in apartments, but otherwise housing and social conditions in urban and rural areas are similar.
Food and drink.Favorite foods and beverages in Scotland increasingly resemble those in other parts of the United Kingdom.Most Scottish cooking is simple.Favorite traditional Scottish dishes include fish and chips, herring, roast beef, and roast lamb.The Scots also enjoy fine steaks from Scotland's famous Aberdeen-Angus cattle.
Other traditional Scottish foods include haggis, kippers, oatmeal, and salmon.Haggis is a famous national dish made from the heart, liver, and lungs of a sheep.These ingredients are chopped with suet (animal fat), onions, oatmeal, and seasonings, and then boiled in a bag made from a sheep's stomach.Kippers are smoked herring, a favorite breakfast dish. Oatmeal is used in many Scottish dishes, including porridge and oatcakes (flat cakes cooked on a griddle), both of which are popular for breakfast.Salmon is served smoked, grilled, or poached.Salmon taken from Scottish waters is considered one of the world's tastiest fishes.
In addition to traditional Scottish foods, other foods such as hamburgers, pizzas, and curries (stews spiced with curry) are popular in Scotland.Tea is also popular.The number of Scots who drink coffee has increased greatly since the mid-1900's.
One of the favorite alcoholic drinks in Scotland is Scotch whisky, or Scotch.The Scots have been making whisky since the 1400's.They export about 85 million gallons (322 million liters) of Scotch yearly.
People from throughout the world come to fish for trout and salmon in the clear mountain streams of the Highlands.Hiking, mountain climbing, and shooting are also popular in the Highlands.The area around Ben Nevis in western Scotland is one of the best mountain-climbing regions in Europe.
Education.Scotland's system of education is separate from that of England and Wales and from that of Northern Ireland.The Scottish Office Education Department and local education authorities supervise the school system in Scotland.
All Scottish children between the ages of 5 and 16 must attend school. Nearly all schools are supported by public funds.Scotland has few private schools, most of which are in Edinburgh.For many years, Scotland had separate schools for vocational and academic education.But during the 1970's, these specialized schools were replaced with comprehensive schools.Comprehensive schools provide both types of education, and students take courses geared to their abilities.
Scotland has 12 universities--Aberdeen, Dundee, Edinburgh, Glasgow, Glasgow Caledonian, Heriot-Watt, Napier, Paisley, Robert Gordon, St. Andrews, Stirling, and Strathclyde.Aberdeen, Glasgow, and St. Andrews were founded in the 1400's.Edinburgh and Glasgow are the largest universities.
Religion.The Church of Scotland, a Presbyterian church, is the official church of Scotland.But the people may worship as they choose.Many Scots are Baptists, Episcopalians, Methodists, Roman Catholics, or members of Presbyterian churches other than the Church of Scotland.
The Church of Scotland has about 2 million members.The members elect about 1,250 ministers and elders (officers) of the church to the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland, which meets once a year.The assembly is often called the Voice of Scotland because it discusses national and world affairs as well as church matters.The British monarch sometimes attends the assembly meeting.
Between the 1300's and 1700's, famous Scottish poets included John Barbour, Gavin Douglas, William Dunbar, and Allan Ramsay.Robert Burns, who wrote during the late 1700's, became the national poet of Scotland. He wrote many works in Scots, the literary Scottish dialect.Many modern Scottish poets, including Hugh McDiarmid, Tom Scott, and Douglas Young, also have used Scots.
Most Scottish prose is written in English.Famous Scottish authors of the 1700's include James Boswell, who wrote a fascinating biography of the English writer Samuel Johnson, and John Arbuthnot, who wrote many great essays.In the 1800's, Thomas Carlyle produced brilliant histories and biographies, and John Lockhart became known for his works of literary criticism.Scotland's best-known novelists, Sir Walter Scott and Robert Louis Stevenson, also wrote during the 1800's.Scott's most famous work is Ivanhoe (1819).Stevenson's novels include Treasure Island (1883) and Kidnapped (1886).The Scottish writer Sir James Barrie wrote Peter Pan (1904) and other popular plays.
Scottish music has traditionally centered on the bagpipe.The Scots divide bagpipe music into big music and little music.Big music includes warlike or sad songs called pibrochs.Little music includes marches and music for dancing.The Scottish reel, the Highland fling, the sword dance, and other traditional dances are performed to little music.The Edinburgh International Festival of the Arts, held in Edinburgh each August, features musical and dramatic productions.
The land
Scotland occupies the northern third of the island of Great Britain.The River Tweed and the Cheviot Hills form Scotland's southern border with England.The North Channel separates southwestern Scotland from Northern Ireland.The northwest coast faces the Atlantic Ocean.The east coast faces the North Sea, which separates Scotland from the mainland of Europe.For information on Scotland's climate, see the table with the Climate section of UNITED KINGDOM.
Land regions.Scotland has three main land regions.They are, from north to south, the Highlands, the Central Lowlands, and the Southern Uplands.
The Highlands are a rugged, barren region that covers the northern two-thirds of Scotland.Two major mountain ranges, the Northwest Highlands and the Grampian Mountains, rise in this region.The ranges have parallel ridges that run through the Highlands from northeast to southwest.A deep valley called Glen Mor or the Great Glen separates the two mountain ranges.The highest peak in the British Isles, 4,406-foot (1,343-meter) Ben Nevis, rises south of Glen Mor.The Highlands have two kinds of valleys--steep, narrow glens and broad, rolling straths.Much of the land in the Highlands is a treeless area called a moor or heath. The most rugged land lies along the west coast.Most Highlanders live on the narrow coastal plains.
The Central Lowlands are crossed by the valleys of the Rivers Clyde, Forth, and Tay.This region has Scotland's best farmland.Wide, fertile fields and low hills with patches of trees cover the entire region. About three-fourths of the Scottish people live in the lowlands.
The Southern Uplands consist of rolling moors, broken in places by rocky cliffs.The tops of the hills are largely barren, but rich pastureland covers most of the lower slopes.Many sheep and cattle are raised in the Southern Uplands.In the south, the uplands rise to the Cheviot Hills.
Rivers and lakes.The River Clyde is Scotland's most important river. Ships from the Atlantic Ocean can sail up the Clyde to Glasgow.The Clyde was narrow and shallow until the 1700's, when engineers widened and deepened the river to make it navigable.Scotland's longest rivers flow eastward into the North Sea.The Tay, 120 miles (193 kilometers) long, is the largest river in Scotland.It carries more water than any other river in the United Kingdom.
Most of Scotland's lakes, which are called lochs, lie in deep Highland valleys.Loch Lomond is Scotland's largest lake.It is 23 miles (37 kilometers) long and 5 miles (8 kilometers) wide at its widest point.A series of lakes extends through Glen Mor.These lakes are connected by canals and form the Caledonian Canal, which cuts across Scotland from Moray Firth to the Firth of Lorn.One of the canal's lakes, Loch Ness, is famous for its "monster."Some people claim to have seen a creature 30 feet (9 meters) long in the lake.Along the west coast of Scotland, the Atlantic Ocean extends inland in many narrow bays called sea lochs.
Islands.Scotland has hundreds of islands.A large group of islands called the Hebrides lies off the west coast of Scotland's mainland.The Orkney and Shetland groups lie north of the mainland and form the boundary between the North Sea and the Atlantic Ocean.
History
Historians believe that the first people to live in Scotland came from other parts of Britain or the European mainland more than 7,000 years ago.They used flint tools and built boats.About 1800 B.C., people called the Beaker folk settled in northern Scotland.Their name comes from small clay containers called beakers, which they buried with their dead.These people also made tools and other items of bronze.Celtic tribes probably had migrated to Scotland by the 600's B.C. The Celts came from western Europe and introduced the use of iron in Scotland.See CELTS.
The Roman invasion.A Roman army commanded by Gnaeus Julius Agricola, the Roman governor of England, invaded Scotland in A.D. 80.The Romans called Scotland Caledonia.The invaders called the people of Scotland Picts (painted people) because they painted their bodies (see PICTS).
Agricola defeated the Picts and returned to Rome.The Romans who remained in Scotland had trouble controlling the Picts.They built forts and walls to defend themselves.One of the most famous walls, Hadrian's Wall, was built across northern England in the A.D. 120's.It was named after the Roman emperor Hadrian.The Romans also built roads in the south of Scotland.They left in the early 400's.
Beginning of the Scottish kingdom.About A.D. 500, a Celtic tribe called the Scots came from northern Ireland and settled on Scotland's west coast.Saint Columba, an Irish monk, followed the Scots in 563.He founded a monastery and, with the help of the Scots, began to convert the Picts to Christianity.
In A.D. 843, Kenneth MacAlpin, king of the Scots, became king of the Picts as well.He established Alba, the first united kingdom in Scotland.Many violent struggles for the Scottish throne began in the late 900's.In 997, Kenneth III became king by killing Constantine III. In 1005, Malcolm II killed Kenneth III. Duncan I, who followed Malcolm II, was murdered by Macbeth, one of his generals, in 1040.In 1057, Duncan's son, Malcolm III, killed Macbeth.
Struggles with England.Until the 1700's, Scotland and England were separate countries that often came into conflict.Malcolm III married an English princess and was greatly influenced by English customs.After the Normans conquered England in 1066, Malcolm permitted people from England who opposed the Norman leader, William the Conqueror, to settle in Scotland.He gave land to some of them and introduced feudalism into Scotland.Under feudalism, lords gave land to people in return for military and other services.
Malcolm died in 1093.The Scottish kings who followed him fought England for about 150 years.The English wanted to control the entire island of Great Britain, including Scotland.But the Scots were determined to remain independent.They frequently sided with France against the English.France and England were enemies.
During the reign of Alexander III, from 1249 to 1286, Scotland advanced in many ways.Agriculture and trade flourished, and many roads and bridges were built.A border was established between Scotland and England, and the two countries remained at peace.
Fight for independence.In 1286, Alexander's 3-year-old granddaughter, Margaret, followed him as ruler of Scotland.But she died four years later.A number of Scottish barons then fought for the throne.In 1292, Edward I of England recognized one baron, John de Balliol, as king.In return, Balliol was supposed to recognize Edward as his superior.But he refused to do so and formed a military alliance with France instead.
Edward invaded Scotland in 1296 and won the important Battle of Dunbar. He then seized the Stone of Scone, the Scottish symbol of royal authority, and declared himself king of Scotland.The Scots soon renewed the revolt against English rule.Under William Wallace, Scotland's first popular hero, they won several victories.But in 1305, the English captured and executed Wallace.
Robert Bruce led the revolt after Wallace's death.He defeated Edward II in the famous Battle of Bannockburn in 1314.But Edward still refused to recognize Scotland's independence.The Scots officially declared their independence in 1320.In 1328, Edward III finally recognized Bruce as King Robert I of Scotland.Bruce died in 1329.Edward later tried to conquer Scotland but failed.
The House of Stuart.David II, Bruce's son, died in 1371 without an heir.Several families claimed the Scottish throne.The House (family) of Stuart won the struggle, and Robert II became king.The Stuarts kept close ties with France and fought continually with England.In 1503, James IV tried to make peace with England by marrying Margaret Tudor, an English princess.But he soon returned to a policy of close cooperation with France.The queen of France, Anne of Brittany, urged James to declare war against Henry VIII of England.James invaded England in 1513 and was killed in the Battle of Flodden Field.Scottish troops were again defeated by the English in 1542.James V, son of James IV, died that same year.His daughter, Mary, Queen of Scots, then became the ruler of Scotland.
The Scottish Reformation.Before the 1560's, the Roman Catholic Church was the official church of Scotland.Many Scottish leaders resented the Catholic Church's power and France's strong influence on the church. John Knox, a Scottish minister, led the Scots in establishing the Presbyterian Church as the national church in the 1560's.This action occurred about the time that the Reformation, the religious movement that
Beginning of the Scottish kingdom.About A.D. 500, a Celtic tribe called the Scots came from northern Ireland and settled on Scotland's west coast.Saint Columba, an Irish monk, followed the Scots in 563.He founded a monastery and, with the help of the Scots, began to convert the Picts to Christianity.
In A.D. 843, Kenneth MacAlpin, king of the Scots, became king of the Picts as well.He established Alba, the first united kingdom in Scotland.
Many violent struggles for the Scottish throne began in the late 900's. In 997, Kenneth III became king by killing Constantine III. In 1005, Malcolm II killed Kenneth III. Duncan I, who followed Malcolm II, was murdered by Macbeth, one of his generals, in 1040.In 1057, Duncan's son, Malcolm III, killed Macbeth.
Struggles with England.Until the 1700's, Scotland and England were separate countries that often came into conflict.Malcolm III married an English princess and was greatly influenced by English customs.After the Normans conquered England in 1066, Malcolm permitted people from England who opposed the Norman leader, William the Conqueror, to settle in Scotland.He gave land to some of them and introduced feudalism into Scotland.Under feudalism, lords gave land to people in return for military and other services.
Malcolm died in 1093.The Scottish kings who followed him fought England for about 150 years.The English wanted to control the entire island of Great Britain, including Scotland.But the Scots were determined to remain independent.They frequently sided with France against the English.France and England were enemies.
During the reign of Alexander III, from 1249 to 1286, Scotland advanced in many ways.Agriculture and trade flourished, and many roads and bridges were built.A border was established between Scotland and England, and the two countries remained at peace.
Fight for independence.In 1286, Alexander's 3-year-old granddaughter, Margaret, followed him as ruler of Scotland.But she died four years later.A number of Scottish barons then fought for the throne.In 1292, Edward I of England recognized one baron, John de Balliol, as king.In return, Balliol was supposed to recognize Edward as his superior.But he refused to do so and formed a military alliance with France instead.
Edward invaded Scotland in 1296 and won the important Battle of Dunbar. He then seized the Stone of Scone, the Scottish symbol of royal authority, and declared himself king of Scotland.The Scots soon renewed the revolt against English rule.Under William Wallace, Scotland's first popular hero, they won several victories.But in 1305, the English captured and executed Wallace.
Robert Bruce led the revolt after Wallace's death.He defeated Edward II in the famous Battle of Bannockburn in 1314.But Edward still refused to recognize Scotland's independence.The Scots officially declared their independence in 1320.In 1328, Edward III finally recognized Bruce as King Robert I of Scotland.Bruce died in 1329.Edward later tried to conquer Scotland but failed.
The House of Stuart.David II, Bruce's son, died in 1371 without an heir.Several families claimed the Scottish throne.The House (family) of Stuart won the struggle, and Robert II became king.The Stuarts kept close ties with France and fought continually with England.In 1503, James IV tried to make peace with England by marrying Margaret Tudor, an English princess.But he soon returned to a policy of close cooperation with France.The queen of France, Anne of Brittany, urged James to declare war against Henry VIII of England.James invaded England in 1513 and was killed in the Battle of Flodden Field.Scottish troops were again defeated by the English in 1542.James V, son of James IV, died that same year.His daughter, Mary, Queen of Scots, then became the ruler of Scotland.
The Scottish Reformation.Before the 1560's, the Roman Catholic Church was the official church of Scotland.Many Scottish leaders resented the Catholic Church's power and France's strong influence on the church. John Knox, a Scottish minister, led the Scots in establishing the Presbyterian Church as the national church in the 1560's.This action occurred about the time that the Reformation, the religious movement that led to Protestantism, spread across northern Europe.
In 1567, Mary, a Catholic, was forced to give up the Scottish throne in favor of her infant son, James VI. Mary fled to England but was captured there and imprisoned.Elizabeth I of England had Mary executed in 1587. James was raised as a Protestant, and the Presbyterian Church became firmly established as Scotland's national church during his reign.
War with the king.When Elizabeth I of England died in 1603, James VI of Scotland, a cousin of Elizabeth's, inherited the English throne.He moved to London, took the title of King James I of England, and ruled Scotland and England as separate kingdoms.Thus, the two countries became joined under one king.During his reign, James encouraged the establishment of Scottish colonies in Ireland and America.He also began to reorganize the Presbyterian Church.
James's son, Charles I, continued the same policies of church reform. But in 1638, a group of Scots signed the National Covenant, a pledge to keep the Presbyterian Church as it was.In 1642, civil war broke out between Charles and supporters of the English Parliament, many of whom were Puritans.Oliver Cromwell became the leader of the parliamentary forces.The Scottish Covenanters supported the English Parliament in the war.In 1646, Charles surrendered to Scottish forces in England, who turned him over to the English parliamentary forces.The English beheaded him in 1649.
After Charles I's death, the Scots persuaded his son, who later became Charles II, to agree to the National Covenant.They then defied Cromwell and declared Charles II king.But Cromwell defeated Charles's forces in the Battle of Dunbar in 1650.In 1654, Cromwell forced the Scots to unite with England.Charles II finally became king in 1660.He dissolved the union between Scotland and England and, like his father and grandfather, ruled the countries separately.
Union with England.After Charles's death, English and Scottish leaders realized that their countries must be united to preserve peace.In 1707, the Scottish and English parliaments passed the Act of Union.The act joined Scotland with England and Wales under one kingdom--the Kingdom of Great Britain.The Scots dissolved their Parliament and sent representatives to the British Parliament.But Scottish laws and the Presbyterian Church remained unchanged.
Queen Anne, the last monarch of the House of Stuart, died in 1714.The House of Hanover then came to the throne in Great Britain.But many Highland Scots remained loyal to the Stuarts.They were called Jacobites, after Jacobus, the Latin name of their leader, James Edward Stuart.James, the only son of James II of England, was known as the Old Pretender.

		iii.		Beatrice Princess Of ENGLAND ^995,^996,^997,^998,⁹⁹⁹, born June 25, 1242 in , Bordeaux, Gascony, France ^1000,^1001,¹⁰⁰²; died March 24, 1274/75 in , , Bretagne, France ^1003,^1004,¹⁰⁰⁵; married Jean II Duke Of BRETAGNE January 22, 1258/59 in , St Denis, Seine-St Denis, France¹⁰⁰⁵
		iv.		[EARL OF LANCASTER] Edmund "Crouchback" Plantagenet King of England ^1006,^1007,^1008,^1009,¹⁰¹⁰, born January 16, 1244/45 in London, Middlesex, England ^1011,^1012,¹⁰¹³; died June 05, 1296 in Bayonne, Pyrennes-Atlantiques, France ^1014,^1015,¹⁰¹⁶; married (1) [COUNTESS OF LANCASTER] Aveline FORTIBUS De FORZ, Countess of Lancaster April 09, 1269 in Westminster Abbey, Westminster, Middlesex, England¹⁰¹⁶; born WFT Est. 1241-1260 ¹⁰¹⁷; died 1274 ^1018,¹⁰¹⁹; married (2) Margaret De CLARE October 07, 1272 in , Ruislip, Middlesex, England ^1020,¹⁰²¹; born 1249 in , Tonbridge, Kent, England ^1022,¹⁰²³; died Bef. September 16, 1312 ^1024,¹⁰²⁵; married (3) [QUEEN OF NAVARRE] Blanche De Artois, Queen of England Bef. October 29, 1275 in Paris, Seine, France ^1026,^1027,¹⁰²⁸; born Bet. 1245 - 1249 in widow of King of Navarre ¹⁰²⁹; died WFT Est. 1251-1335¹⁰²⁹.

Notes for [EARL OF LANCASTER] Edmund "Crouchback" Plantagenet King of England:
Earl of Leicester, Lancaster, and Chester:Lord High Steward of England

		v.		Richard Prince Of ENGLAND ^1030,^1031,^1032,¹⁰³³, born Abt. 1247 in Westminster, Middlesex, England ^1034,^1035,¹⁰³⁶; died Bef. 1256 in Westminster, Middlesex, England ^1037,^1038,¹⁰³⁹
		vi.		John Prince Of ENGLAND ^1040,^1041,^1042,¹⁰⁴³, born Abt. 1250 in Of Westminster, Middlesex, England ^1044,^1045,¹⁰⁴⁶; died Bef. 1256 in Westminster, Middlesex, England ^1047,^1048,¹⁰⁴⁹
		vii.		Catherine Princess Of ENGLAND ^1050,^1051,^1052,¹⁰⁵³, born November 25, 1253 in Westminster, London, Middlesex, England ^1054,^1055,¹⁰⁵⁶; died May 03, 1256 in , Westminster, Middlesex, England ^1057,^1058,¹⁰⁵⁹
		viii.		William Prince Of ENGLAND ^1060,^1061,^1062,¹⁰⁶³, born Abt. 1256 in Of Westminster, Middlesex, England ^1064,^1065,¹⁰⁶⁶; died Abt. 1256 in Of Westminster, Middlesex, England ^1067,^1068,¹⁰⁶⁹
		ix.		Henry Plantagenet Prince Of ENGLAND ^1070,^1071,^1072,¹⁰⁷³, born Abt. 1265 in Windsor Castle, Windsor, Berkshire, England ^1074,¹⁰⁷⁵; died Abt. October 14, 1274 in Died Young, Westminster, Middlesex, England ^1076,^1077,¹⁰⁷⁸; married (1) Blanche Queen of Navarre; married (2) Lady Maud De Chaworth Bef. March 02, 1296/97 in Of Kidwelly, Carmarthenshire, Wales¹⁰⁷⁸; born 1282 in Kidwelly, C., Wales ¹⁰⁷⁹; died February 19, 1316/17 in Mottisfort Priory, Hamps.^1080,¹⁰⁸¹.

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