Descendants of Kenneth I McAlpin, [King of Scotland]

Descendants of Kenneth I McAlpin, [King of Scotland]

Generation No. 1

1.  KENNETH I¹MCALPIN, [KING OF SCOTLAND]¹ was born Abt. 810 in Scotland¹, anddied 859¹.

Notes for KENNETH I MCALPIN, [KING OF SCOTLAND]:

Kenneth MacAlpin Kingof Scotland (843-859)

Little has beenwritten about many of the early kings since written records were not kept.     As written records were later kept, we areable to learn more about Scotland's kings and queens.  Alpin was kingof the Dalriadic Scots.  The kingdomafter the Romans withdrew from  Caledonia(the name the Romans called the land north of Britannia) in 407 was dividedamong four tribes, three of which were Celtic, and the fourth  the Angles. Those tribal divisions were the Picts, the Scots, the Britons and theAngles

In 843 Kennethacquired Pictland. The united Celtic kingdom was known as Scotia.  Kenneth unsuccessfully invaded Lothian sixtimes.   He moved the  center of his kingdom from Dalraida to thePictish east, set the ancient Stone of Destiny in Scone where he was crownedKing of Scotia and transferred St. Columba's relics from Iona to Dunkeld.  King Constantine II later had them taken toSt. Andrews.  The unification of Scotlandbegan when Kenneth MacAlpin became king of the Picts and the Scots.

The coronation chaircontaining the Stone of Destiny.  KennethMacAlpin moved it to Scone for his coronation in 843.

Source: The House ofAlpin, Scotland's Kings & Queens, www.nwlink.com/~scotlass/mcalpin.htm

Child of KENNETH I MCALPIN, [KING OF SCOTLAND] is:

2.                i.    CONSTANTINE I² MCALPIN, [KING OF SCOTLAND], b. Abt. 836, Scotland; d. 877, Inverdovat, Forgan,Fifeshire, Scotland.

Generation No. 2

2.  CONSTANTINE I²MCALPIN, [KING OF SCOTLAND] (KENNETH I¹)^2,3 was born Abt. 836 in Scotland³, anddied 877 in Inverdovat, Forgan, Fifeshire, Scotland³.  He married [QUEEN OF SCOTLAND] MRS-CONSTANTINE^4,5.  She was bornAbt. 840 in Scotland⁵.

Notes for CONSTANTINE I MCALPIN, [KING OF SCOTLAND]:

Constantine I

d. 877, Inverdovat,Scot.

king of Scotland orAlba, the united kingdom of the Picts and Scots (862-877), who succeeded hisuncle Donald I.

Constantine's reignwas occupied with conflicts with the Norsemen. Olaf the White, the Danish kingof Dublin, laid waste the country of the Picts and Britons year after year; inthe south the Danish leader Halfdan devastated Northumberland and Galloway.Constantine was slain at a battle at Inverdovat in Fife, at the hands ofanother band of northern marauders. His heir was his brother Aed, who waskilled by the Scots after a year and was succeeded by a nephew, Eochaid

Source: EncyclopediaBrittanica,

Child of CONSTANTINE MCALPIN and [QUEEN MRS-CONSTANTINE is:

3.                i.    DONALD II³ MCALPIN, [KING OF SCOTLAND], b. Abt. 862, Scotland; d. 900, Forres, Morayshire,Scotland.

Generation No. 3

3.  DONALD II³MCALPIN, [KING OF SCOTLAND] (CONSTANTINEI², KENNETH I¹)^6,7,8 was born Abt. 862 in Scotland^9,10, and died 900 inForres, Morayshire, Scotland¹⁰.  He married [QUEEN OF SCOTLAND] MRS-DONALD^11,12.  She was bornAbt. 866 in Scotland^13,14.

Notes for DONALD II MCALPIN, [KING OF SCOTLAND]:

DONALD II King ofScotland (889-900)

The son of ConstantineI, Donald fought the Norse invasions and died in 900

Source: The House ofAlpin, Scotland's Kings & Queens, www.nwlink.com/~scotlass/mcalpin.htm

Children of DONALD MCALPIN and [QUEEN MRS-DONALD are:

4.                i.    MALCOLM I⁴ MCALPIN, [KING OF SCOTLAND], b. Abt. 897, Scotland; d. 954, Fordoun,Kincardineshire, Scotland.

                  ii.    EUGENE MCALPIN, [PRINCE OF CUMBERLAND].

Generation No. 4

4.  MALCOLM I⁴MCALPIN, [KING OF SCOTLAND] (DONALD II³, CONSTANTINEI², KENNETH I¹)^15,16 was born Abt. 897 in Scotland¹⁷, and died 954 inFordoun, Kincardineshire, Scotland¹⁷.  He married [QUEEN OF SCOTLAND] MRS-MALCOLM¹⁷ Abt. 931¹⁷.  She was born Abt. 901¹⁷.

Notes for MALCOLM I MCALPIN, [KING OF SCOTLAND]:

MALCOLM I King ofScotland (943-954)

The son of Donald IIhe harried the north of England and was killed in battle by rebels fromMoray. 

Source: The House ofAlpin, Scotland's Kings & Queens, www.nwlink.com/~scotlass/mcalpin.htm

More About MALCOLM MCALPIN and [QUEEN MRS-MALCOLM:

Marriage: Abt. 931¹⁷

Children of MALCOLM MCALPIN and [QUEEN MRS-MALCOLM are:

5.                i.    KENNETH II⁵ MCALPIN, [KING OF SCOTLAND], b. Abt. 932, Scotland; d. 995, Iona, Argyllshire,Scotland.

                  ii.    [KING OF SCOTLAND] DUFF¹⁷.

                 iii.    [PRINCESS OF SCOTLAND] MOGALLUS¹⁷.

Generation No. 5

5.  KENNETH II⁵MCALPIN, [KING OF SCOTLAND] (MALCOLM I⁴, DONALD II³, CONSTANTINEI², KENNETH I¹)^18,19,20 was born Abt. 932 in Scotland²¹, and died 995 inIona, Argyllshire, Scotland²¹.  He married [QUEEN OF SCOTLAND] MRS-KENNETH^22,23.  She was bornAbt. 936²³.

Notes for KENNETH II MCALPIN, [KING OF SCOTLAND]:

KENNETH II (971-995)

Kenneth was thebrother of Dubh.  He had acknowledgedEdgar as King of England in return for Lothian. He broke his promise to keep the peace and invaded England.  At this point he lost  Lothian to the English.  He killed Culen's brother and in turn waskilled in a blood feud by Culen's son, Constantine

Source: The House ofAlpin, Scotland's Kings & Queens, www.nwlink.com/~scotlass/houseof.htm

More About KENNETH II MCALPIN, [KING OF SCOTLAND]:

Burial: 995, Iona,Argyllshire, Scotland²³

Children of KENNETH MCALPIN and [QUEEN MRS-KENNETH are:

6.                i.    MALCOLM II⁶ MACKENNETH,[KINGOF SCOTLAND], b. Abt. 970, Scotland; d. November 25, 1034, Glamis,Forfarshire, Scotland.

                  ii.    DUNCLINA MACKENNETH, [PRINCESS OF SCOTLAND]²³.

Generation No. 6

6.  MALCOLM II⁶MACKENNETH, [KING OF SCOTLAND] (KENNETH II⁵ MCALPIN, [KING OF SCOTLAND], MALCOLM I⁴, DONALD II³, CONSTANTINE I², KENNETH I¹)^24,25,26 was born Abt. 970 in Scotland^27,28, and diedNovember 25, 1034 in Glamis, Forfarshire, Scotland²⁸.  He married MRS-MALCOLM MACKENNETH, [QUEEN OF SCOTLAND]^29,30 Abt. 983³⁰.  She was born Abt. 962 in Scotland^31,32,32.

Notes for MALCOLM II MACKENNETH, [KING OF SCOTLAND]:

Malcolm II King ofScotland (1005-1034)

Malcolm II was thefinal king of the House of Alpin. He was crowned at Scone like all hispredecessors. In 1018 his victory at the battle of Carham added Lothian to thekingdom of Scotia. He failed to produce a son. His grandson Duncan murdered thegrandson of Kenneth III.

(Kenneth III andMalcolm II were cousins).

Source: The House ofAlpin, Scotland's Kings & Queens, www.nwlink.com/~scotlass/mcalpin.htm

MALCOLM II (1005-1034)

The son of Kenneth IIregained Lothian.  The English werefighting the Danish and Malcolm II raided south winning that territory.  He made alliances with the Danes.  The marriage of his daughter to Sigurd theStout the Earl of Orkney, extended Malcolm's influence too the far north and hehad the alliance of Strathclyde in the west. He was probably over 80 years old when he died.

[NOTE: TANISTRY. ThePictish system of succession was matrilineal. The Scottish system wasdetermined by tanistry - the succession by a previously elected member of theroyal family.  During the lifetime of theking an heir was chosen and known as tanaiste rig (second to the king).  This manner of rule remained until Malcolm IIdecided on the principle of direct descent. After Malcolm died the succession was based on direct descent

Source: The House ofAlpin, Scotland's Kings & Queens, www.nwlink.com/~scotlass/houseof.htm

More About MALCOLM II MACKENNETH, [KING OF SCOTLAND]:

Burial: December 1034,Iona, Argyllshire, Scotland³²

More About MALCOLM MACKENNETH and MRS-MALCOLM MACKENNETH:

Marriage: Abt. 983³²

Children of MALCOLM MACKENNETH and MRS-MALCOLM MACKENNETH are:

7.                i.    BETHOC⁷ MACKENNETH, [PRINCESS OF SCOTLAND], b. Abt.984, Atholl, Perthshire, Scotland.

                  ii.    ANLETA MACKENNETH, [PRINCESS OF SCOTLAND]³².

                 iii.    DONALDA MACKENNETH, [PRINCESS OF SCOTLAND]³².

Generation No. 7

7.  BETHOC⁷ MACKENNETH, [PRINCESS OF SCOTLAND] (MALCOLM II⁶, KENNETH II⁵ MCALPIN, [KING OF SCOTLAND], MALCOLM I⁴, DONALD II³, CONSTANTINE I², KENNETH I¹)^33,34,34,35 was born Abt. 984 in Atholl, Perthshire, Scotland^36,37,37,38.  She married CRINAN DE MORMAER, [ABBOT OF DUNKELD]^39,40 Abt. 1010 in Atholl, Perthshire, Scotland⁴⁰.  He was born Abt. 975 in Atholl, Perthshire,Scotland^41,42, and died 1045 in Dunkeld, Perthshire, Scotland⁴².

More About CRINAN DE MORMAER and BETHOC MACKENNETH:

Marriage: Abt. 1010,Atholl, Perthshire, Scotland⁴²

Children of BETHOC MACKENNETH and CRINAN DE MORMAER are:

8.                i.    DUNCAN⁸I , [KING OF SCOTLAND], b. Abt.1013, Atholl, Perthshire, Scotland; d. August 14, 1040, Iona, Near Elgin,Scotland (Killed by Macbeth).

                  ii.    [EARL OF DUNBAR][KING OF CUMBRIA] MALDRED⁴².

Generation No. 8

8.  DUNCAN⁸I , [KING OF SCOTLAND] (BETHOC⁷ MACKENNETH, [PRINCESS OF SCOTLAND],MALCOLM II⁶, KENNETH II⁵ MCALPIN, [KING OF SCOTLAND], MALCOLM I⁴, DONALD II³, CONSTANTINE I², KENNETH I¹)^43,44,45 was born Abt. 1013 in Atholl, Perthshire, Scotland^46,47,and died August 14, 1040 in Iona, Near Elgin, Scotland (Killed by Macbeth)⁴⁷.  He married SIBYL FITZSIWARD, [QUEEN OF SCOTLAND]^48,49 1030 in Scotland⁴⁹.  She was born Abt. 1014 in Northumberland,England^50,51, and died 1040⁵¹.

Notes for DUNCANI , [KING OF SCOTLAND]:

Duncan I King ofEngland (1034-40)

Duncan was the firstof the royal House of Dunkeld. He added Strathclyde to his grandfather'skingdom, thereby being the first monarch of a united Scotland. The hereditaryright to the throne of his two sons, Malcolm Canmore and Donald Ban wasthreatened by his cousin Macbeth who claimed the kingdom on the grounds oftanistry. The matter was settled in 1040 near Elgin when Macbeth killed Duncanin battle.

Source: The House ofAlpin, Scotland's Kings & Queens, www.nwlink.com/~scotlass/houseof.htm

More About DUNCANI , [KING OF SCOTLAND]:

Burial: August 1040,Iona, Near Elgin, Scotland⁵¹

More About DUNCAN and SIBYL FITZSIWARD:

Marriage: 1030,Scotland⁵¹

Children of DUNCAN and SIBYL FITZSIWARD are:

9.                i.    MALCOLM⁹III, [KING OF SCOTLAND], b. Abt.1033, Atholl, Perthshire, Scotland; d. November 13, 1093, Alnwick,Northumberland, England.

                  ii.    DONALDIII, [KING OF SCOTLAND]⁵¹.

Notes for DONALDIII, [KING OF SCOTLAND]:

Donald Ban King ofScotland (1093-1094) &  (1094-1097)

Donald Ban or Bane(Fair) was the younger brother of Malcolm III. Donald claimed the crown on the grounds of tanistry at the age of 60,but was deposed a year later by Malcolm's son, Duncan, who was backed by theEnglish King. 

Donald Ban and EdmundKings of Scotland (1094-1097)

Again Donald Ban becameKing. After being deposed he had joined forces with his cousin Edmund (note: inlooking at the relationships, Donald would be an uncle of Edmund) who was a sonof Malcolm and Margaret. They managed to kill Duncan II and together ruledScotland (Donald in Scotia and Edmund in Lothian). They were opposed byEdmund's brother Edgar who declared himself a vassal of the King of England andwith the help of an English army overthrew the pair. Edmund was pardoned andbecame a monk. Donald Ban was blinded and sentenced to life imprisonment. As areprisal, Donald strangled his nephew David's eldest son.

Source: The House ofAlpin, Scotland's Kings & Queens, www.nwlink.com/~scotlass/newpage1.htm

                 iii.    [EARL OF MORAY] DUNCAN⁵¹.

                 iv.    [EARL OF ATHOLL][PRINCE OF SCOTLAND] MELMARE⁵¹.

Generation No. 9

9.  MALCOLM⁹III, [KING OF SCOTLAND] (DUNCAN⁸I , [KING OF SCOTLAND],BETHOC⁷ MACKENNETH, [PRINCESS OF SCOTLAND],MALCOLM II⁶, KENNETH II⁵ MCALPIN, [KING OF SCOTLAND], MALCOLM I⁴, DONALD II³, CONSTANTINE I², KENNETH I¹)^{52,53,54,55,56} was born Abt. 1033 in Atholl, Perthshire, Scotland^57,58,and died November 13, 1093 in Alnwick, Northumberland, England⁵⁸.  He married MARGARET ATHELING,[QUEEN OF SCOTLAND]^59,60,61 Bet. 1067 - 1069 in Atholl, Perthshire, Scotland⁶²,daughter of EDWARD EXILE" and AGATHA AUGSBURG.  She was bornBet. 1042 - 1045 in Wessex, England^63,64, and died November16, 1093 in Edinburgh Castle, Edinburgh, Mid-Lothian, Scotland⁶⁴.

Notes for MALCOLMIII, [KING OF SCOTLAND]:

Malcolm III King ofEngland (1058-1093) (son of Duncan I)

Malcolm marriedIngibiorg, daughter of Finn Amasson, widow of Thorlinn, Jarl of Orkney, Whenshe died, he married St. Margaret. One source I have says she was the daughterof Edward Atheling, two others say she was the sister of Edward Atheling.  Most likely she was the sister of Athelingand was the great-niece of Edward the Confessor.  Duncan II was Malcolm' s son by firstmarriage. Other sons were Edgar 1098-1107, Alexander 1107-1124 (married anillegitimate daughter of Henry I) and David I (The Saint) 1124-1153.  These were children by the second marriagewith Margaret. They had six sons in all.

David I had a sonHenry, the Earl of Huntingdon, who was never on the throne. He and his wife,Ada, had Malcolm IV (The Maiden) who ruled from 1153 to 1165 and William I (TheLion) who ruled from 1165 to 1214. William's son Alexander II (1214-1249married Joan, the daughter of John, King of England. His son Alexander IIIruled from 1249-1286 and married Margaret, the daughter of Henry III, King ofEngland. Their child, Margaret married the King of Norway and had Margaret, theMaid of Norway who was crowned from 1286-1290.

The reign of MalcolmIII, or Canmore as he was known, began the rule of the house of Canmore. Thishouse continued to preside for over two centuries. Canmore means big head orgreat chief. After the defeat of his father, Malcolm took refuge with his unclein Northumbir and acquired Anglo-Sxon attitudes.  Margaret, his second wife, had a lot ofinfluence over him and through her he substituted Saxon for Gaelic as the courtlanguage.  His dream was to expand hiskingdom into England but this was not to be as William the Conqueror advancedinto Scotland in 1072.  He made jeweledbindings for her religious books although he could not read them.

Margaret was a muchloved and very devout queen. She had travelled widely in Europe and when shecame to Scotland she was determined to change the manner of the court both in fashionand standards of behavior. Nobles were forbidden to fight or get drunk at courtand she gave each noble his own drinking cup. Margaret was allowed to use herhusband's money to help the poor by giving them food, shelter and clothing. Shealso encouraged trade with foreign merchants. Under her influence, life became more civilized. She also founded manymonasteries and tried to bring her Roman Church close together with the Celticchurch. Margaret was canonized in 1251.

Malcolm's son wastaken as hostage to the English court. In later years, 1093, he decided toinvade England for the 5th time. Magaret was very ill in Edinburgh Castle andbegged him not to got but he would not listen. Soon after the fightingcommenced, he was killed.

Margaret received thenews four days later, and being on her deathbed herself, died almostimmediately. Soon after his death, Edinburgh Castle was surrounded byHighlanders employed by Donald Bane, Malcolm III's brother, who planned tocapture the castle and thus enable him to become king. His plan was to kill hisnephews, Margaret's sons, or to put them in prison. The brothers were trapped.They had to take their mother's body to Dumferline to be buried and didn't knowhow they were to manage. By good fortune or a freak of nature a heavy whitemist descended upon the castle and it was so dense that they were able to sneakpast the Highlanders with their mother's body. They then made their escape toFrance. Malcolm had ruled for 35 years but the stability he had gained forScotland disappeared after his death. A succession of kings followed. 

St. Margaret

After Malcolm's death,the frontier between Scotland and England for the first time    

was defined.

Source: The House ofAlpin, Scotland's Kings & Queens, www.nwlink.com/~scotlass/newpage1.htm

More About MALCOLMIII, [KING OF SCOTLAND]:

Burial: November 1093,Holy Trinity Church, Dumferline, Fifeshire, Scotland⁶⁴

More About MARGARET ATHELING,[QUEEN OF SCOTLAND]:

Burial: November 1093,Dunfermline, Fifeshire, Scotland⁶⁴

More About MALCOLM and MARGARET ATHELING:

Marriage: Bet. 1067 -1069, Atholl, Perthshire, Scotland⁶⁴

Children of MALCOLM and MARGARET ATHELING are:

10.              i.    MATILDA¹⁰ ATHELING,[PRINCESS OF SCOTLAND], b. Bet.1079 - 1080, Dunfermline, Fifeshire, Scotland; d. May 01, 1118, jWestminster,Middlesex, England.

                  ii.    EDWARD CANMOR, [PRINCE OF SCOTLAND]⁶⁴.

                 iii.    EDMUND CANMOR, [PRINCE OF SCOTLAND]⁶⁴.

                 iv.    ETHELRED CANMOR, [PRINCE OF SCOTLAND]⁶⁴.

                  v.    EDGAR CANMOR, [KING OF SCOTLAND]⁶⁴.

Notes for EDGAR CANMOR, [KING OF SCOTLAND]:

Edgar (the Peaceable)King of Scotland (1097-1107)

Edgar was the fourthson of Malcolm  Canmore and QueenMargaret. He was very submissive to England, gifted the Western Isles to KingMagnus Barelegs of Norway and encouraged Anglo-Norman immigrants to Scotland.This all earned him the name of the Peaceable but  it was a derrogatory term towards him. Edgardid not marry and bequeathed his kingdom to his brothers, Alexander to be monarchand David as king's lieutenant

Source: The House ofAlpin, Scotland's Kings & Queens,www.nwlink.com/~scotlass/newpage1.htm

                 vi.    ALEXANDER I CANMOR, [KING OF SCOTLAND]⁶⁴.

Notes for ALEXANDER I CANMOR, [KING OF SCOTLAND]:

ALEXANDER I (theFierce) King of Scotland (1107-1124)

Alexander was marriedto Sybilla, an illegitimate daughter of Henry I. At that time it was called anatural child. Henry I in turn was married to Alexander's sister Maud.Everything was so interrelational by marriage. Henry and Maud had no legitimatechildren. He was called the Fierce after dealing with an uprising in Moray.Although he was technically an English vassal, he dissuaded Scottish bishopsfrom accepting the authority of York and appointed his mother's biographerRugot to the see of St. Andrews.  He wasdescribed as a lettered and godly man but was nicknamed "the Fierce"after dealing ruthlessly with an uprising. He died leaving no children.

Source: The House ofAlpin, Scotland's Kings & Queens,www.nwlink.com/~scotlass/newpage1.htm

                vii.    MARY CANMOR, [PRINCESS OF SCOTLAND]⁶⁴.

11.          viii.    DAVID I CANMOR, [KING OF SCOTLAND].

Generation No. 10

10.  MATILDA¹⁰ ATHELING,[PRINCESS OF SCOTLAND] (MALCOLM⁹III, [KING OF SCOTLAND],DUNCAN⁸I , [KING OF SCOTLAND],BETHOC⁷ MACKENNETH, [PRINCESS OF SCOTLAND],MALCOLM II⁶, KENNETH II⁵ MCALPIN, [KING OF SCOTLAND], MALCOLM I⁴, DONALD II³, CONSTANTINE I², KENNETH I¹)^65,66,67 was born Bet. 1079 - 1080 in Dunfermline, Fifeshire, Scotland⁶⁸,and died May 01, 1118 in jWestminster, Middlesex, England⁶⁸.  She married HENRY I PLANTAGENET, [KING OF ENGLAND]^69,70,71,72 May 11, 1100 in Westminister, Middlesex, England⁷³,son of WILLIAM and MATILDA FLANDERS.  He was born1068 in Selby, /Yorkshire, England^73,74, and died December01, 1135 in St Denis, Seine-St-Denis, France⁷⁵.

More About MATILDA ATHELING,[PRINCESS OF SCOTLAND]:

Burial: June 1118,Church of St Peter, Westminster, Middlesex, England⁷⁵

Notes for HENRY I PLANTAGENET, [KING OF ENGLAND]:

Henry I, BeauclercKing of England  (1100-1135 AD)

Contemporaries: LouisVI ("Louis the Fat", King of France, 1108-1137), Roger of Salisbury,Anselm (Archbishop of Canterbury),

Pope Pascal II.  Henry I, the most resilient of the Normankings (his reign lasted thirty-five years), was nicknamed "Beauclerc"(fine scholar) for his above average education. During his reign, thedifferences between English and Norman society began to slowly evaporate.Reforms in the royal treasury system became the foundation upon which laterkings built. The stability Henry afforded the throne was offset by problems insuccession: his only surviving son, William, was lost in the wreck of the WhiteShip in November 1120.

The first years ofHenry's reign were concerned with subduing Normandy. William the Conquerordivided his kingdoms between Henry's older brothers, leaving England to WilliamRufus and Normandy to Robert. Henry inherited no land but received £5000 insilver. He played each brother off of the other during their quarrels; bothdistrusted Henry and subsequently signed a mutual accession treaty barringHenry from the crown. Henry's hope arose when Robert departed for the Holy Landon the First Crusade; should William die, Henry was the obvious heir. Henry wasin the woods hunting on the morning of August 2, 1100 when William Rufus waskilled by an arrow. His quick movement in securing the crown on August 5 ledmany to believe he was responsible for his brother's death. In his coronationcharter, Henry denounced William's oppressive policies and promising goodgovernment in an effort to appease his barons. Robert returned to Normandy afew weeks later but escaped final defeat until the Battle of Tinchebrai in1106; Robert was captured and lived the remaining twenty-eight years of hislife as Henry's prisoner.

Henry was drawn intocontroversy with a rapidly expanding Church. Lay investiture, the king'sselling of clergy appointments, was heavily opposed by Gregorian reformers inthe Church but was a cornerstone of Norman government. Henry recalled Anselm ofBec to the archbishopric of Canterbury to gain baronial support, but thestubborn Anselm refused to do homage to Henry for his lands. The situationremained unresolved until Pope Paschal II threatened Henry with excommunicationin 1105. He reached a compromise with the papacy: Henry rescinded the king'sdivine authority in conferring sacred offices but appointees continued to dohomage for their fiefs. In practice, it changed little - the king maintainedthe deciding voice in appointing ecclesiastical offices - but it a marked apoint where kingship became purely secular and subservient in the eyes of theChurch.

By 1106, both thequarrels with the church and the conquest of Normandy were settled and Henryconcentrated on expanding royal power. He mixed generosity with violence inmotivating allegiance to the crown and appointing loyal and gifted men toadministrative positions. By raising men out of obscurity for suchappointments, Henry began to rely less on landed barons as ministers andcreated a loyal bureaucracy. He was deeply involved in continental affairs andtherefore spent almost half of his time in Normandy, prompting him to createthe position of justiciar - the most trusted of all the king's officials, the justiciarliterally ruled in the king's stead. Roger of Salisbury, the first justiciar,was instrumental in organizing an efficient department for collection of royalrevenues, the Exchequer. The Exchequer held sessions twice a year for sheriffsand other revenue-collecting officials; these officials appeared before thejusticiar, the chancellor, and several clerks and rendered an account of theirfinances. The Exchequer was an ingenious device for balancing amounts owedversus amounts paid. Henry gained notoriety for sending out court officials tojudge local financial disputes (weakening the feudal courts controlled by locallords) and curb errant sheriffs (weakening the power bestowed upon the sheriffsby his father).

The final years of hisreign were consumed in war with France and difficulties ensuring thesuccession. The French King Louis VI began consolidating his kingdom andattacked Normandy unsuccessfully on three separate occasions. The successionbecame a concern upon the death of his son William in 1120: Henry's marriage toAdelaide was fruitless, leaving his daughter Matilda as the only survivinglegitimate heir. She was recalled to Henry's court in 1125 after the death ofher husband, Emperor Henry V of Germany. Henry forced his barons to swear anoath of allegiance to Matilda in 1127 after he arranged her marriage to thesixteen-year-old Geoffrey of Anjou to cement an Angevin alliance on thecontinent. The marriage, unpopular with the Norman barons, produced a male heirin 1133, which prompted yet another reluctant oath of loyalty from theaggravated barons. In the summer of 1135, Geoffrey demanded custody of certainkey Norman castles as a show of good will from Henry; Henry refused and thepair entered into war. Henry's life ended in this sorry state of affairs - warwith his son-in-law and rebellion on the horizon - in December 1135

More About HENRY I PLANTAGENET, [KING OF ENGLAND]:

Burial: January 04,1135/36, Reading Abbey, Reading, Berkshire, England⁷⁵

More About HENRY PLANTAGENET and MATILDA ATHELING:

Marriage: May 11,1100, Westminister, Middlesex, England⁷⁵

Children of MATILDA ATHELING and HENRY PLANTAGENET are:

12.              i.    MATILDA¹¹ PLANTAGENET, [EMPRESS OF GERMANY], b. August05, 1102, London, Middlesex, England; d. September 10, 1169, Notre Dame, Rouen,Seine-Maritime, France.

                  ii.    ELIZABETH PLANTAGENET, [PRINCESS OF ENGLAND]⁷⁵.

                 iii.    UNKNOWN SON, [PRINCE OF ENGLAND]⁷⁵.

                 iv.    RICHARD PLANTAGENET, [PRINCE OF ENGLAND]⁷⁵.

                  v.    WILLIAM ATHELING, [PRINCE OF ENGLAND]⁷⁵.

11.  DAVID I¹⁰CANMOR, [KING OF SCOTLAND] (MALCOLM⁹III, [KING OF SCOTLAND],DUNCAN⁸I , [KING OF SCOTLAND],BETHOC⁷ MACKENNETH, [PRINCESS OF SCOTLAND],MALCOLM II⁶, KENNETH II⁵ MCALPIN, [KING OF SCOTLAND], MALCOLM I⁴, DONALD II³, CONSTANTINE I², KENNETH I¹)⁷⁶.

Notes for DAVID I CANMOR, [KING OF SCOTLAND]:

DAVID I (the Saint)King of Scotland (1124-53)

David was the youngestson of Margaret and Malcolm III. No one expected him to become king but hisreign proved to be an outstanding one for Scotland. He married a granddaughterof Earl Siward of Northumbria and through that alliance had a legitimate claimto a large part of northern England. He had been a prisoner of his uncle DonaldBane but escaped and was brought up at the court of Henry I.  He became familiar with English and Normanways. He was treated well by Henry who arranged a marriage for him to theheiress of vast Northumberland estates. Henry appointed him the ruler ofCumbria, thereby increasing his power. When Henry died he took advantage of theconfusion and inaction to press into England taking Carlisle and Newcastlebefore he was defeated at the battle of the Standard.  King Stephen (of England) at the time was notin a position to alienate the Scottish king and by the Treaty of Durham Davidgained control of Northumbria. As Earl of Huntingdon, David had to swear anoath of loyalty to the English king. Having been brought up in England when hereturned to Scotland to succeed Alexander, he took with him powerful Anglo-Normaninfluences which would eventually transform Scottish society. David's Normanfriends soon held most of the important positions within the Church and State.He issued the first Scottish coinage and honored his mother's piety byestablishing monastic center. David gave the Normans lands which meant they theNormans gained landowner privileges and authority over the lives of thoseliving on their land.  In the lowlandsthe Celtic ways of tribe and kinship were replaced by the new feudal system oflaws and regulations. David influenced language development so that whileGaelic was spoken by highlanders, Inglis, a Scottish variant of English, wasadopted in the south. His reign enhanced the prestige of the monarchy.   He maintained order, and overcame his enemiespartly with the support from the Normans by establishing royal burghs andshires and a system of control over the people. He was deeply religious as washis mother and he founded many abbeys. The king assigned lands to the abbey andin return gained protection and spiritual support from the abbots, monks andclergy. His only son Earl Henry died in 1152. He was married to the daughter ofthe Earl of Surrey and they had three children, Malcolm IV, Will the Lion andDavid. He appointed his grandson Malcolm as his successor.

Eulogy on David'sdeath:  O desolate Scotia, who shallconsole thee now?  He is no more who madean untilled and barren land a land that is pleasant and plenteous.

Source: The House ofAlpin, Scotland's Kings & Queens,www.nwlink.com/~scotlass/newpage1.htm

Child of DAVID I CANMOR, [KING OF SCOTLAND] is:

13.              i.    [EARL OF NORTHUMBERLAND]¹¹ HENRY.

Generation No. 11

12.  MATILDA¹¹ PLANTAGENET, [EMPRESS OF GERMANY] (MATILDA¹⁰ ATHELING,[PRINCESS OF SCOTLAND],MALCOLM⁹III, [KING OF SCOTLAND],DUNCAN⁸I , [KING OF SCOTLAND],BETHOC⁷ MACKENNETH, [PRINCESS OF SCOTLAND],MALCOLM II⁶, KENNETH II⁵ MCALPIN, [KING OF SCOTLAND], MALCOLM I⁴, DONALD II³, CONSTANTINE I², KENNETH I¹)^77,78 was born August 05, 1102 in London, Middlesex, England⁷⁹,and died September 10, 1169 in Notre Dame, Rouen, Seine-Maritime, France⁷⁹.  She married (1) HEINRICHV, [EMPEROR OF THE HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE].  He was born August 11, 1081 in Germany⁷⁹,and died May 22, 1125 in Utrect, Netherlands⁷⁹.  She married (2) GEOFFREY V PLANTAGENET,[COUNT OF ANJOU]⁷⁹ May 22, 1127 in Le Mans, Sarthe, France⁷⁹,son of FOULQUES LE BON and ERMENGARDE DU MAINE.  He was bornAugust 24, 1113 in Anjou, France⁷⁹, and died September 07,1151 in Chateau, Eure-Et-Loire, France⁷⁹.

Notes for MATILDA PLANTAGENET, [EMPRESS OF GERMANY]:

Empress Matilda (1141AD)

Matilda is the Latinform of Maud, and the name of the only surviving legitimate child of King HenryI. She was born in 1101, generally it is said at Winchester, but recentresearch indicates that she was actually born at the Royal Palace in SuttonCourtenay (Berkshire).

In something of apolitical coup for her father, Matilda was betrothed to the German Emperor,Henry V, when she was only eight. They were married on 7th January 1114. Shewas twelve and he was thirty-two. Unfortunately there were no children and onthe Emperor's death in 1125, Matilda was recalled to her father's court.

Matilda's onlylegitimate brother had been killed in the disastrous Wreck of the White Ship inlate 1120 and she was now her father's only hope for the continuation of his dynasty.The barons swore allegiance to the young Princess and promised to make herqueen after her father's death. She herself needed heirs though and in April1127, Matilda found herself obliged to marry Prince Geoffrey of Anjou and Maine(the future Geoffrey V, Count of those Regions). He was thirteen, shetwenty-three. It is thought that the two never got on. However, despite thisunhappy situation they had had three sons in four years.

Being absent in Anjouat the time of her father's death on 1st December 1135, possibly due topregnancy, Matilda was not in much of a position to take up the throne whichhad been promised her and she quickly lost out to her fast-moving cousin,Stephen. With her husband, she attempted to take Normandy. With encouragementfrom supporters in England though, it was not long before Matilda invaded herrightful English domain and so began a long-standing Civil War from the powerbase of her half-brother, Robert of Gloucester, in the West Country.

After three years ofarmed struggle, she at last gained the upper hand at the Battle of Lincoln, inFebruary 1141, where King Stephen was captured. However, despite being declaredQueen or "Lady of the English" at Winchester and winning overStephen's brother, Henry of Blois, the powerful Bishop of Winchester, Matildaalienated the citizens of London with her arrogant manner. She failed to secureher coronation and the Londoners joined a renewed push from Stephen's Queen andlaid siege to the Empress in Winchester. She managed to escape to the West, butwhile commanding her rearguard, her brother was captured by the enemy.

Matilda was obliged toswap Stephen for Robert on 1st November 1141. Thus the King soon reimposed hisRoyal authority. In 1148, after the death of her half-brother, Matilda finallyreturned to Normandy, leaving her son, who, in 1154, would become Henry II, tofight on in England. She died at Rouen on 10th September 1169 and was buried inFontevrault Abbey, though some of her entrails may possibly have been later interredin her father's foundation at Reading Abbey

More About MATILDA PLANTAGENET, [EMPRESS OF GERMANY]:

Burial: September1169, Bec Abbey, Le Bee-Hellouin, Eure, France⁷⁹

More About GEOFFREY PLANTAGENET and MATILDA PLANTAGENET:

Marriage: May 22,1127, Le Mans, Sarthe, France⁷⁹

Children of MATILDA PLANTAGENET and GEOFFREY PLANTAGENET are:

14.              i.    HENRY II¹² PLANTAGENET,[KINGOF ENGLAND], b. March 05, 1132/33, Le Mans, Sarthe, France; d.July 06, 1189, Chinon IndreEt-Loire, France.

                  ii.    ANGES PLANTAGENET⁷⁹.

                 iii.    GEOFFREY VI PLANTAGENET, [COUNT OF NANTES]⁷⁹.

                 iv.    GUILLAUME PLANTAGENET, [COUNT OF POITOU]⁷⁹.

                  v.    EMMA PLANTAGENET, [PRINCESS OF WALES]⁷⁹.

15.            vi.    HAMELIN PLANTAGENET, b. 1130, Normandy, France.

13.  [EARL OF NORTHUMBERLAND]¹¹ HENRY (DAVID I¹⁰ CANMOR, [KING OF SCOTLAND], MALCOLM⁹III, [KING OF SCOTLAND],DUNCAN⁸I , [KING OF SCOTLAND],BETHOC⁷ MACKENNETH, [PRINCESS OF SCOTLAND],MALCOLM II⁶, KENNETH II⁵ MCALPIN, [KING OF SCOTLAND], MALCOLM I⁴, DONALD II³, CONSTANTINE I², KENNETH I¹)  He married ADA DE WARRENE. 

Child of [EARL HENRY and ADA DE WARRENE is:

16.              i.    WILLIAM I CANMOR [KING OF¹² SCOTLAND], b. 1143;d. December 04, 1214, Stirling, Stirlingshire, Scotland.

Generation No. 12

14.  HENRY II¹²PLANTAGENET, [KING OF ENGLAND] (MATILDA¹¹, MATILDA¹⁰ ATHELING,[PRINCESS OF SCOTLAND], MALCOLM⁹III, [KING OF SCOTLAND],DUNCAN⁸I , [KING OF SCOTLAND],BETHOC⁷ MACKENNETH, [PRINCESS OF SCOTLAND],MALCOLM II⁶, KENNETH II⁵ MCALPIN, [KING OF SCOTLAND], MALCOLM I⁴, DONALD II³, CONSTANTINE I², KENNETH I¹)^80,81 was born March 05, 1132/33 in Le Mans, Sarthe, France⁸²,and died July 06, 1189 in Chinon IndreEt-Loire, France⁸².  He married (1) ROSAMOND DE CLIFFORD, [CONCUBINE].  She was born Abt. 1136 in Herefordshire, England.  He married (2) [PRINCESS AQUITAIN][QUEEN OF ENGLAND] ELEANORE⁸² May 11, 1152 in Bordeaux, Gironde, France⁸²,daughter of GUILLAUME X and ELEANOR DE CHATELLERAULT.  She was bornAbt. 1121 in Chateau De Belin, Gironde, France⁸², and diedMarch 31, 1204 in Mirabell Castle, Tarn-Et-Garonne, France⁸².

Notes for HENRY II PLANTAGENET, [KING OF ENGLAND]:

Henry II King ofEngland (1154-1189)

Contemporaries: LouisVII (King of France, 1137-1180), Thomas Beckett (Archbishop of Canterbury),Pope Adrian IV, Frederick I (Frederick Barbarossa, Holy Roman Emperor,1152-1190)

Henry II, first of theAngevin kings, was one of the most effective of all England's monarchs. He cameto the throne amid the anarchy of Stephen's reign and promptly collared hiserrant barons. He refined Norman government and created a capable,self-standing bureaucracy. His energy was equaled only by his ambition andintelligence. Henry survived wars, rebellion, and controversy to successfullyrule one of the Middle Ages' most powerful kingdoms.

Henry was raised inthe French province of Anjou and first visited England in 1142 to defend hismother's claim to the disputed throne of Stephen. His continental possessionswere already vast before his coronation: He acquired Normandy and Anjou uponthe death of his father in September 1151, and his French holdings more thandoubled with his marriage to Eleanor of Aquitane (ex-wife of King Louis VII ofFrance). In accordance with the Treaty of Wallingford, a succession agreementsigned by Stephen and Matilda in 1153, Henry was crowned in October 1154. Thecontinental empire ruled by Henry and his sons included the French counties ofBrittany, Maine, Poitou, Touraine, Gascony, Anjou, Aquitane, and Normandy.Henry was technically a feudal vassal of the king of France but, in reality,owned more territory and was more powerful than his French lord. Although KingJohn (Henry's son) lost most of the English holdings in France, English kingslaid claim to the French throne until the fifteenth century. Henry alsoextended his territory in the British Isles in two significant ways. First, heretrieved Cumbria and Northumbria form Malcom IV of Scotland and settled theAnglo-Scot border in the North. Secondly, although his success with Welshcampaigns was limited, Henry invaded Ireland and secured an English presence onthe island.

English and Normanbarons in Stephen's reign manipulated feudal law to undermine royal authority;Henry instituted many reforms to weaken traditional feudal ties and strengthenhis position. Unauthorized castles built during the previous reign were razed.Monetary payments replaced military service as the primary duty of vassals. TheExchequer was revitalized to enforce accurate record keeping and taxcollection. Incompetent sheriffs were replaced and the authority of royalcourts was expanded. Henry empowered a new social class of government clerksthat stabilized procedure - the government could operate effectively in theking's absence and would subsequently prove sufficiently tenacious to survivethe reign of incompetent kings. Henry's reforms allowed the emergence of a bodyof common law to replace the disparate customs of feudal and county courts.Jury trials were initiated to end the old Germanic trials by ordeal or battle.Henry's systematic approach to law provided a common basis for development ofroyal institutions throughout the entire realm.

The process of strengtheningthe royal courts, however, yielded an unexpected controversy. The church courtsinstituted by William the Conqueror became a safe haven for criminals ofvarying degree and ability, for one in fifty of the English populationqualified as clerics. Henry wished to transfer sentencing in such cases to theroyal courts, as church courts merely demoted clerics to laymen. ThomasBeckett, Henry's close friend and chancellor since 1155, was named Archbishopof Canterbury in June 1162 but distanced himself from Henry and vehementlyopposed the weakening of church courts. Beckett fled England in 1164, butthrough the intervention of Pope Adrian IV (the lone English pope), returned in1170.He greatly angered Henry by opposing to the coronation of Prince Henry. Exasperated,Henry hastily and publicly conveyed his desire to be rid of the contentiousArchbishop - four ambitious knights took the king at his word and murderedBeckett in his own cathedral on December 29, 1170. Henry endured a ratherlimited storm of protest over the incident and the controversy passed.

Henry's plans ofdividing his myriad lands and titles evoked treachery from his sons. At theencouragement - and sometimes because of the treatment - of their mother, theyrebelled against their father several times, often with Louis VII of France astheir accomplice. The deaths of Henry the Young King in 1183 and Geoffrey in1186 gave no respite from his children's rebellious nature; Richard, with theassistance of Philip II Augustus of France, attacked and defeated Henry on July4, 1189 and forced him to accept a humiliating peace. Henry II died two dayslater, on July 6, 1189.

A few quotes fromhistoric manuscripts shed a unique light on Henry, Eleanor, and their sons.

From Sir WinstonChurchill Kt, 1675: "Henry II Plantagenet, the very first of that name andrace, and the very greatest King that England ever knew, but withal the mostunfortunate . . . his death being imputed to those only to whom himself hadgiven life, his ungracious sons. . ."

From Sir RichardBaker, A Chronicle of the Kings of England: Concerning endowments of mind, hewas of a spirit in the highest degree generous . . . His custom was to bealways in action; for which cause, if he had no real wars, he would havefeigned . . . To his children he was both indulgent and hard; for out ofindulgence he caused his son henry to be crowned King in his own time; and outof hardness he caused his younger sons to rebel against him . . . He marriedEleanor, daughter of William Duke of Guienne, late wife of Lewis the Seventh ofFrance. Some say King Lewis carried her into the Holy Land, where she carriedherself not very holily, but led a licentious life; and, which is the worstkind of licentiousness, in carnal familiarity with a Turk."

More About HENRY II PLANTAGENET, [KING OF ENGLAND]:

Burial: July 08, 1189,Fontevrault Abbey, Fontevrault, Maine-Et-Loire, France⁸²

More About [PRINCESS AQUITAIN][QUEEN OF ENGLAND] ELEANORE:

Burial: April 1204,Fontevrault Abbey, Fontevrault, Maine-Et-Loire, France⁸²

More About HENRY PLANTAGENET and [PRINCESS ELEANORE:

Marriage: May 11,1152, Bordeaux, Gironde, France⁸²

Children of HENRY PLANTAGENET and ROSAMOND DE CLIFFORD are:

17.              i.    WILLIAM¹³ LONGESPEE, [PRINCE OF ENGLAND], b. Abt.1173, England; d. March 07, 1225/26, Salisbury Castle, England.

                  ii.    GEOFFREY PLANTAGENET, [ARCHBISHOP OF YORK]⁸³, b.Abt. 1159⁸³.

Children of HENRY PLANTAGENET and [PRINCESS ELEANORE are:

18.            iii.    JOHN¹³ LACKLAND, [KING OF ENGLAND], b.December 24, 1166, Kings Manor House, /Oxfordshire, England; d. October 19,1216, Newark, Nottinghamshire, England.

                 iv.    WILLIAM LACKLAND, [PRINCE OF ENGLAND]⁸⁴, b.August 17, 1152, Le Mans, Sarthe, France⁸⁴; d. April 1156,Wallingford Castle, Wallingford, Berkshire, England⁸⁴.

More About WILLIAM LACKLAND, [PRINCE OF ENGLAND]:

Burial: April 1156,Reading, Berkshire, England⁸⁴

                  v.    MATILDA LACKLAND, [DUCHESS OF SAXONY & BAVARIA]^85,86,b. 1156, London, Middlesex, England⁸⁶; d. June 28, 1189,Brunswick, Germany⁸⁶; m. HEINRICHV, [THE LION DUKE OF SAXONY]⁸⁶.

More About MATILDA LACKLAND, [DUCHESS OF SAXONY & BAVARIA]:

Burial: July 1189, StBlasius, Braunschweig, Germany⁸⁶

                 vi.    RICHARD I LACKLAND,["LION" KING OF ENGLAND]^87,88, b. September 13, 1157, Beaumont Palace, /Oxfordshire,England⁸⁸; d. April 06, 1199, Chalus, Haute-Vienne, France⁸⁸;m. [PRINCESS OF BAVARIA] BERENGARIA⁸⁸, May 12, 1191, Limassol, Cyprus⁸⁸.

Notes for RICHARD I LACKLAND, ["LION" KING OF ENGLAND]:

Richard I Coeur de LionKing of England (1189-99 AD)

Contemporaries: PhilipII (King of France, 1180-1223); Saladin (sultan of Egypt and Syria); Henry VI(Holy Roman Emperor, 1190-1197)

Richard I, theLion-hearted, spent much of his youth in his mother's court at Poitiers.Richard cared much more for the continental possessions of his mother than forEngland - he also cared much more for his mother than for his father. Familyconsiderations influenced much of his life: he fought along side of hisbrothers Prince Henry and Geoffrey in their rebellion of 1173-4; he fought forhis father against his brothers when they supported an 1183 revolt in Aquitane;and he joined Philip II of France against his father in 1188, defeating Henryin 1189.

Richard spent but sixmonths of his ten-year reign in England. He acted upon a promise to his fatherto join the Third Crusade and departed for the Holy Land in 1190 (accompaniedby his partner-rival Philip II of France). In 1191, he conquered Cyprus enroute to Jerusalem and performed admirably against Saladin, nearly taking theholy city twice. Philip II, in the meantime, returned to France and schemedwith Richard's brother John. The Crusade failed in its primary objective ofliberating the Holy Land from Moslem Turks, but did have a positive result -easier access to the region for Christian pilgrims through a truce withSaladin. Richard received word of John's treachery and decided to return home;he was captured by Leopold V of Austria and imprisoned by Holy Roman EmperorHenry VI. The administrative machinery of Henry II insured the continuance ofroyal authority, as Richard was unable to return to his realm until 1194. Uponhis return, he crushed a coup attempt by John and regained lands lost to PhilipII during the German captivity. Richard's war with Philip continuedsporadically until the French were finally defeated near Gisors in 1198.

Richard died April 6,1199, from a wound received in a skirmish at the castle of Chalus in theLimousin. Near his death, Richard finally reconciled his position with his latefather, as evidenced by Sir Richard Baker in A Chronicle of the Kings ofEngland: "The remorse for his undutifulness towards his father, was livingin him till he died; for at his death he remembered it with bewailing, anddesired to be buried as near him as might be, perhaps as thinking they shouldmeet the sooner, that he might ask him forgiveness in another world."Richard's prowess and courage in battle earned him the nickname Coeur De Lion("heart of the lion"), but the training of his mother's court isrevealed in a verse Richard composed during his German captivity:

No one will tell me thecause of my sorrow Why they have made me a prisoner here. Wherefore with dolourI now make my moan; Friends had I many but help have I none. Shameful it isthat they leave me to ransom, To languish here two winters long.

More About RICHARD I LACKLAND, ["LION" KING OF ENGLAND]:

Also Known As:: RichardThe Lionhearted

Burial: April 1199,Fontevrault Abbey, Fontevrault, Maine-Et-Loire, France⁸⁸

More About RICHARD LACKLAND and [PRINCESS BERENGARIA:

Marriage: May 12, 1191,Limassol, Cyprus⁸⁸

                vii.    GEOFFREY LACKLAND, [DUKE OF BRITTANY]^89,90,b. September 23, 1158, England⁹⁰; d. August 19, 1186, Paris,France⁹⁰; m. [COUNTESS OF BRETAGNE] CONSTANCE⁹⁰, July1181⁹⁰.

More About GEOFFREY LACKLAND, [DUKE OF BRITTANY]:

Burial: August 1186,Notre Dame Cathedral, Paris, France⁹⁰

More About GEOFFREY LACKLAND and [COUNTESS CONSTANCE:

Marriage: July 1181⁹⁰

               viii.    PHILLIP LACKLAND, [PRINCE OF ENGLAND]^91,92,b. Abt. 1160, England⁹²; d. Abt. 1161, England⁹².

19.             ix.    ELEANOR LACKLAND, [QUEEN OF CASTILLE], b. October 13, 1162, Domfront, Orne, France; d.October 25, 1214, Las Huelgas, Burgos, Spain.

                   x.    JOANNA LACKLAND, [PRINCESS OF ENGLAND]^93,94,b. October 1164, Angers, Maine-Et-Loire, France⁹⁴; d.September 04, 1199, Rouen, Seine-Maritime, France⁹⁴; m. GUGLIELMO II BUONO, [KING OF SICILY]⁹⁴, February 13, 1176/77.

More About JOANNA LACKLAND, [PRINCESS OF ENGLAND]:

Burial: September 1199,Fontevrault Abbey, Fontevrault, Maine-Et-Loire, France⁹⁴

More About GUGLIELMO BUONO and JOANNA LACKLAND:

Marriage: February 13,1176/77

                  xi.    HENRY LACKLAND, [PRINCE OF ENGLAND]⁹⁵, b.March 28, 1155, Bermandsey Palace, London, England⁹⁵; d. June11, 1183, Mortel Castle, Turenne, Correze, France⁹⁵; m. MARGUERITE [PRINCESS O FRANCE][QUEEN OF HUNGARY]⁹⁵.

More About HENRY LACKLAND, [PRINCE OF ENGLAND]:

Burial: June 1183,Rouen, Seine-Maritime, France⁹⁵

15.  HAMELIN¹² PLANTAGENET (MATILDA¹¹, MATILDA¹⁰ ATHELING,[PRINCESS OF SCOTLAND], MALCOLM⁹III, [KING OF SCOTLAND],DUNCAN⁸I , [KING OF SCOTLAND],BETHOC⁷ MACKENNETH, [PRINCESS OF SCOTLAND],MALCOLM II⁶, KENNETH II⁵ MCALPIN, [KING OF SCOTLAND], MALCOLM I⁴, DONALD II³, CONSTANTINE I², KENNETH I¹)⁹⁶was born 1130 in Normandy, France⁹⁶.  He married ISABEL DE WARENNE April 1164in Surrey, England, daughter of WILLIAM DE WARENNE and ADELIA DE TALVAS.  She was born1137 in Surrey, England, and died July 13, 1199 in Lewes, Sussex, England.

More About ISABEL DE WARENNE:

Burial: July 1199,Chapter House, Lewes, Sussex, England

More About HAMELIN PLANTAGENET and ISABEL DE WARENNE:

Marriage: April 1164,Surrey, England

Child of HAMELIN PLANTAGENET and ISABEL DE WARENNE is:

20.              i.    JEFFREY¹³ WARREN, b. Abt.1160.

16.  WILLIAM I CANMOR [KING OF¹² SCOTLAND] ([EARL OF NORTHUMBERLAND]¹¹ HENRY, DAVID I¹⁰ CANMOR, [KING OF SCOTLAND],MALCOLM⁹III, [KING OF SCOTLAND],DUNCAN⁸I , [KING OF SCOTLAND],BETHOC⁷ MACKENNETH, [PRINCESS OF SCOTLAND],MALCOLM II⁶, KENNETH II⁵ MCALPIN, [KING OF SCOTLAND], MALCOLM I⁴, DONALD II³, CONSTANTINE I², KENNETH I¹) was born1143, and died December 04, 1214 in Stirling, Stirlingshire, Scotland.

Notes for WILLIAM I CANMOR [KING OF SCOTLAND]:

William I King ofScotland

William the Lion 

b. 1143

d. Dec. 4, 1214,Stirling, Stirlingshire, Scot.

byname WILLIAM THE LIONking of Scotland from 1165 to 1214; although he submitted to Englishoverlordship for 15 years (1174-89) of his reign, he ultimately obtainedindependence for his kingdom.

William was the secondson of the Scottish Henry, Earl of Northumberland, whose title he inherited in1152. He was forced, however, to relinquish this earldom to King Henry II ofEngland (reigned 1154-89) in 1157. Succeeding to the throne of his elderbrother, King Malcolm IV, in 1165, William joined a revolt of Henry's sons(1173) in an attempt to regain Northumberland. He was captured near Alnwick,Northumberland, in 1174 and released after agreeing to recognize theoverlordship of the king of England and the supremacy of the English churchover the Scottish church.

Upon Henry's death in1189, William obtained release from his feudal subjection by paying a large sumof money to England's new king, Richard I (reigned 1189-99). In addition,although William had quarreled bitterly with the papacy over a churchappointment, Pope Celestine III ruled in 1192 that the Scottish church owedobedience only to Rome, not to England. During the reign of King John inEngland, relations between England and Scotland deteriorated over the issue ofNorthumberland until finally, in 1209, John forced William to renounce hisclaims.

In his effort toconsolidate his authority throughout Scotland, William developed a small butefficient central administrative bureaucracy. He chartered many of the majorburghs of modern Scotland and in 1178 founded Arbroath Abbey, which had becomeprobably the wealthiest monastery in Scotland by the time of his death. Williamwas succeeded by his son Alexander II.

Child of WILLIAM I CANMOR [KING OF SCOTLAND] is:

21.              i.    ALEXANDER¹³II, [KING OF SCOTLAND ].

Generation No. 13

17.  WILLIAM¹³ LONGESPEE, [PRINCE OF ENGLAND] (HENRY II¹² PLANTAGENET,[KING OF ENGLAND], MATILDA¹¹, MATILDA¹⁰ ATHELING,[PRINCESS OF SCOTLAND],MALCOLM⁹III, [KING OF SCOTLAND],DUNCAN⁸I , [KING OF SCOTLAND],BETHOC⁷ MACKENNETH, [PRINCESS OF SCOTLAND],MALCOLM II⁶, KENNETH II⁵ MCALPIN, [KING OF SCOTLAND], MALCOLM I⁴, DONALD II³, CONSTANTINE I², KENNETH I¹)⁹⁷was born Abt. 1173 in England⁹⁷, and died March 07, 1225/26in Salisbury Castle, England⁹⁷.  He married ELA FITZPATRICK, [COUNTESS DE VERAUX]⁹⁷ 1198 in Salisbury, Wiltshire, England⁹⁷.  She was born Abt. 1191 in Wiltshire, England⁹⁷.

More About WILLIAM LONGESPEE, [PRINCE OF ENGLAND]:

Burial: March 1225/26,Salisbury Cathedral, Wiltshire England⁹⁷

More About WILLIAM LONGESPEE and ELA FITZPATRICK:

Marriage: 1198,Salisbury, Wiltshire, England⁹⁷

Child of WILLIAM LONGESPEE and ELA FITZPATRICK is:

22.              i.    IDA¹⁴ LONGESPEE, b.Wiltshire, England.

18.  JOHN¹³ LACKLAND, [KING OF ENGLAND] (HENRY II¹² PLANTAGENET,[KING OF ENGLAND], MATILDA¹¹, MATILDA¹⁰ ATHELING,[PRINCESS OF SCOTLAND],MALCOLM⁹III, [KING OF SCOTLAND],DUNCAN⁸I , [KING OF SCOTLAND],BETHOC⁷ MACKENNETH, [PRINCESS OF SCOTLAND],MALCOLM II⁶, KENNETH II⁵ MCALPIN, [KING OF SCOTLAND], MALCOLM I⁴, DONALD II³, CONSTANTINE I², KENNETH I¹)^98,99,100 was born December 24, 1166 in Kings Manor House,/Oxfordshire, England¹⁰¹, and died October 19, 1216 inNewark, Nottinghamshire, England¹⁰¹.  He married (1) AGATHA DE FERRERS, [QUEEN OF ENGLAND]¹⁰¹.  She was bornAbt. 1168 in Charltey, Staffordshire, England¹⁰¹.  He married (2) ISABEL FITZROBERT, [QUEEN OF ENGLAND]¹⁰¹ August 29, 1189 in Marlborough, Salisbury, Wiltshire,England¹⁰¹.  She wasborn Abt. 1170 in Gloucestershire, England¹⁰¹, and diedOctober 14, 1217 in Kent, England¹⁰¹.  He married (3) ISABELLA DE TAILLEFER, [QUEEN OF ENGLAND]¹⁰¹ August 26, 1200 in Bordeaux, Gironde, France¹⁰¹.  She was born Abt. 1188 in Angouleme,Charente, France¹⁰¹, and died May 31, 1245 in FontevraultAbbey, Fontevrault, Maine-Et-Loire, France¹⁰¹.

Notes for JOHN LACKLAND, [KING OF ENGLAND]:

John, Lackland King ofEngland (1199-1216 AD)

Contemporaries: PhilipII (King of France, 1180-1223); Innocent III (Pope, 1198-1216); Llywelyn theGreat (King of Wales, 1208-1240); Stephen Langdon (Archbishop of Canterbury)

John was born onChristmas Eve 1167. His parents drifted apart after his birth; his youth wasdivided between his eldest brother Henry's house, where he learned the art ofknighthood, and the house of his father's justiciar, Ranulf Glanvil, where helearned the business of government. As the fourth child, inherited lands werenot available to him, giving rise to his nickname, Lackland. His first marriagelasted but ten years and was fruitless, but his second wife, Isabella ofAngouleme, bore him two sons and three daughters. He also had an illegitimatedaughter, Joan, who married Llywelyn the Great, Ruler of All Wales, from whichthe Tudor line of monarchs was descended. The survival of the Englishgovernment during John's reign is a testament to the reforms of his father, asJohn taxed the system socially, economically, and judicially.

The Angevin familyfeuds profoundly marked John. He and Richard clashed in 1184 followingRichard's refusal to honor his father's wishes surrender Aquitane to John. Thefollowing year Henry II sent John to rule Ireland, but John alienated both thenative Irish and the transplanted Anglo-Normans who emigrated to carve out newlordships for themselves; the experiment was a total failure and John returnedhome within six months. After Richard gained the throne in 1189, he gave Johnvast estates in an unsuccessful attempt to appease his younger brother. Johnfailed to overthrow Richard's administrators during the German captivity andconspired with Philip II in another failed coup attempt. Upon Richard's releasefrom captivity in 1194, John was forced to sue for pardon and he spent the nextfive years in his brother's shadow.

John's reign wastroubled in many respects. A quarrel with the Church resulted in England beingplaced under an interdict in 1207, with John actually excommunicated two yearslater. The dispute centered on John's stubborn refusal to install the papalcandidate, Stephen Langdon, as Archbishop of Canterbury; the issue was notresolved until John surrendered to the wishes of Pope Innocent III and paidtribute for England as the Pope's vassal.

John proved extremelyunpopular with his subjects. In addition to the Irish debacle, he inflamed hisFrench vassals by orchestrating the murder of his popular nephew, Arthur ofBrittany. By spring 1205, he lost the last of his French possessions and returnedto England. The final ten years of his reign were occupied with failed attemptsto regain these territories. After levying a number of new taxes upon thebarons to pay for his dismal campaigns, the discontented barons revolted,capturing London in May 1215. At Runnymeade in the following June, Johnsuccumbed to pressure from the barons, the Church, and the English peopleat-large, and signed the Magna Carta. The document, a declaration of feudalrights, stressed three points. First, the Church was free to make ecclesiasticappointments. Second, larger-than-normal amounts of money could only becollected with the consent of the king's feudal tenants. Third, no freeman wasto be punished except within the context of common law. Magna Carta, although atestament to John's complete failure as monarch, was the forerunner of modernconstitutions. John only signed the document as a means of buying time and hishesitance to implement its principles compelled the nobility to seek Frenchassistance. The barons offered the throne to Philip II's son, Louis. John diedin the midst of invasion from the French in the South and rebellion from hisbarons in the North.

John was remembered inelegant fashion by Sir Richard Baker in A Chronicle of the Kings of England:". . .his works of piety were very many . . . as for his actions, heneither came to the crown by justice, nor held it with any honour, nor left itpeace."

More About JOHN LACKLAND, [KING OF ENGLAND]:

Burial: 1216,Worcester Cathedral, Worcester, England¹⁰¹

More About ISABEL FITZROBERT, [QUEEN OF ENGLAND]:

Burial: 1217,Canterbury Cathedral, Canterbury, England¹⁰¹

More About JOHN LACKLAND and ISABEL FITZROBERT:

Marriage: August 29,1189, Marlborough, Salisbury, Wiltshire, England¹⁰¹

More About ISABELLA DE TAILLEFER, [QUEEN OF ENGLAND]:

Burial: June 1245,Fontevrault Abbey, Fontevrault, Maine-Et-Loire, France¹⁰¹

More About JOHN LACKLAND and ISABELLA DE TAILLEFER:

Marriage: August 26,1200, Bordeaux, Gironde, France¹⁰¹

Child of JOHN LACKLAND and AGATHA DE FERRERS is:

                   i.    JOAN [PRINCESS OF ENGLAND] [PRINCESS OF¹⁴ WALES].

Children of JOHN LACKLAND and ISABELLA DE TAILLEFER are:

23.             ii.    HENRY III¹⁴ PLANTAGENET,[KINGOF ENGLAND], b. October 01, 1206, Winchester, /Hampshire, England;d. November 16, 1272, Westminster, Middlesex, England.

                 iii.    JOANE LACKLAND, [QUEEN OF SCOTLAND]¹⁰¹.

                 iv.    ISABEL LACKLAND,[EMPRESS OF GERMANY]¹⁰¹.

                  v.    ELEANOR LACKLAND, [PRINCESS OF ENGLAND]¹⁰¹.

                 vi.    [PRINCE OF ENGLAND][EARL OF CORNWALL] RICHARD¹⁰¹.

19.  ELEANOR¹³ LACKLAND, [QUEEN OF CASTILLE] (HENRY II¹² PLANTAGENET,[KING OF ENGLAND], MATILDA¹¹, MATILDA¹⁰ ATHELING,[PRINCESS OF SCOTLAND],MALCOLM⁹III, [KING OF SCOTLAND],DUNCAN⁸I , [KING OF SCOTLAND],BETHOC⁷ MACKENNETH, [PRINCESS OF SCOTLAND],MALCOLM II⁶, KENNETH II⁵ MCALPIN, [KING OF SCOTLAND], MALCOLM I⁴, DONALD II³, CONSTANTINE I², KENNETH I¹)^102,103 was born October 13, 1162 in Domfront, Orne, France¹⁰³,and died October 25, 1214 in Las Huelgas, Burgos, Spain¹⁰³.  She married ALFONSO VIII SANCHEZ, [KING OF CASTILLE]¹⁰³ September 22, 1177 in Burgos, Spain¹⁰³,son of SANCHO and BLANCA ..  He was bornNovember 11, 1155 in Soria, Spain¹⁰³, and died October 06,1214 in Gutierre Munoz, Avila, Spain¹⁰³.

More About ELEANOR LACKLAND, [QUEEN OF CASTILLE]:

Burial: October 1214,Monasterio De Las Huelgas, Burgos, Spain¹⁰³

More About ALFONSO VIII SANCHEZ, [KING OF CASTILLE]:

Burial: October 1214,Monasterio De Las Huelgas, Burgos, Spain¹⁰³

More About ALFONSO SANCHEZ and ELEANOR LACKLAND:

Marriage: September22, 1177, Burgos, Spain¹⁰³

Children of ELEANOR LACKLAND and ALFONSO SANCHEZ are:

                   i.    BERENGUELA¹⁴ SANCHEZ, [QUEEN OF CASTILLE]¹⁰³.

                  ii.    SANCHO SANCHEZ, [PRINCE OF CASTILLE]¹⁰³.

                 iii.    SANCHA SANCHEZ, [PRINCESS OF CASTILLE]¹⁰³.

                 iv.    ENRIQUE I SANCHEZ, [KING OF CASTILLE]¹⁰³.

                  v.    URRACA SANCHEZ, [PRINCESS OF CASTILLE]¹⁰³.

                 vi.    FERNANDO SANCHEZ, [PRINCE OF CASTILLE]¹⁰³.

                vii.    CONSTANCE SANCHEZ, [PRINCESS OF CASTILLE]¹⁰³.

               viii.    BLANCA SANCHEZ, [QUEEN OF FRANCE]¹⁰³.

                  ix.    LEONOR SANCHEZ, [PRINCESS OF CASTILLE]¹⁰³.

                   x.    MAFALDA SANCHEZ, [PRINCESS OF CASTILLE]¹⁰³.

20.  JEFFREY¹³ WARREN (HAMELIN¹² PLANTAGENET,MATILDA¹¹, MATILDA¹⁰ ATHELING,[PRINCESS OF SCOTLAND], MALCOLM⁹III, [KING OF SCOTLAND],DUNCAN⁸I , [KING OF SCOTLAND],BETHOC⁷ MACKENNETH, [PRINCESS OF SCOTLAND],MALCOLM II⁶, KENNETH II⁵ MCALPIN, [KING OF SCOTLAND], MALCOLM I⁴, DONALD II³, CONSTANTINE I², KENNETH I¹)¹⁰⁴was born Abt. 1160¹⁰⁴. He married ISABELLA¹⁰⁴.  She was born Abt. 1160 in Salop, England¹⁰⁴.

Child of JEFFREY WARREN and ISABELLA is:

24.              i.    JOHN¹⁴ WARREN, b. Abt.1200, Salop, England.

21.  ALEXANDER¹³II, [KING OF SCOTLAND ] (WILLIAM I CANMOR [KING OF¹² SCOTLAND], [EARL OF NORTHUMBERLAND]¹¹ HENRY, DAVID I¹⁰ CANMOR, [KING OF SCOTLAND],MALCOLM⁹III, [KING OF SCOTLAND],DUNCAN⁸I , [KING OF SCOTLAND],BETHOC⁷ MACKENNETH, [PRINCESS OF SCOTLAND],MALCOLM II⁶, KENNETH II⁵ MCALPIN, [KING OF SCOTLAND], MALCOLM I⁴, DONALD II³, CONSTANTINE I², KENNETH I¹)¹⁰⁵.  He married MARIE DE COUCY, [QUEEN OF SCOTLAND]¹⁰⁵. 

Notes for ALEXANDERII, [KING OF SCOTLAND ]:

ALEXANDER II King ofScotland (1214 - 1249)  

Alexander succeededWilliam when William died in 1214.  WhenAlexander came to the throne, King John (England) declared he would hunt thered fox cub from his den. Alexander backed the barons who made John seal theMagna Carta in 1215.   By marrying John'sdaughter, Joan, Alexander became the brother in law of the new English KingHenry III. He demanded the return of William the Lion's dowry, as well as thereturn of Northumbria. A treaty of York in 1236 fixed the Border on theTweed-Solway line. Alexander's relationship with England was diplomatic ratherthan warlike.   Alexander's secondmarriage was to Marie de Coucy. This offended the English because they feared aFrench-Scottish alliance (the auld Alliance). Alexander II made Scotland stronger than it had ever been.  He attended to parts of the country that werecausing trouble.  For instance, he determinedto subdue the disturbances in the lands of Argyll. He prepared a fleet to sailup the Clyde in 1221.   Unfortunately, hefailed to take the stormy September weather and tides into account and wasforced to return to Glasgow.  The nextyear he took his army across country to Argyll and reestablished order. To makesure that peace would continue, he transferred the titles of disloyal nobles'lands to more amenable and reliable subjects. In that same year he had troublewith a different kind of rebellion. Bishop Adam of Caithness had been charging the people double the amountthat was usual for the support of the church. The people had complained manytimes but the Bishop ignored their complaints until 300 angry people stormedtheir way towards the Bishop's palace. His servants ran to the Earl ofCaithness to ask for help. The Earl said that if the Bishop was afraid, heshould come to the Earl's castle. In the meantime the crowd had seized thebishop, stripped and beaten him and then carried him to his kitchen fire androasted him alive. Alexander was just preparing to attack England when thisnews reached him. He went to Caithness and the people paid dearly. He alsoconfiscated half the lands belonging to the Earl of Caithness to punish him forhis lack of assistance to Bishop Adam. Like David I, Alexander granted lands for the construction of cathedralsand abbeys. He awarded the Bishop of Moray the seat at the Elgin Cathedral andgave permission for the building of three new abbeys, Pluscarden Abbey, BeaulyAbbey and Ardchatten Abbey. These abbeys were peopled by Benedictine monkscalled Valliscaulians who operated under a very strict code.  Before Alexander died he tried to regain theWestern Isles (Hebrides) from King Haakon IV of Norway. Before he could reachthem he became ill and died on the island of Kerrera, off Oban on July 8, 1249.

Source: The House ofAlpin, Scotland's Kings & Queens, www.nwlink.com/~scotlass/newpage1.htm

Child of ALEXANDER and MARIE DE COUCY is:

25.              i.    ALEXANDER¹⁴III, [KING OF SCOTLAND], b.September 04, 1241, Roxburgh, Roxburghshire, Scotland; d. March 19, 1285/86,Kinghorn, Fifeshire, Scotland.

Generation No. 14

22.  IDA¹⁴ LONGESPEE (WILLIAM¹³, HENRY II¹² PLANTAGENET, [KING OF ENGLAND], MATILDA¹¹, MATILDA¹⁰ ATHELING,[PRINCESS OF SCOTLAND],MALCOLM⁹III, [KING OF SCOTLAND],DUNCAN⁸I , [KING OF SCOTLAND],BETHOC⁷ MACKENNETH, [PRINCESS OF SCOTLAND],MALCOLM II⁶, KENNETH II⁵ MCALPIN, [KING OF SCOTLAND], MALCOLM I⁴, DONALD II³, CONSTANTINE I², KENNETH I¹)¹⁰⁶was born  in Wiltshire, England¹⁰⁶.  She married WILLIAM DE BEAUCHAMP¹⁰⁶.  He was born1187 in Essex, England¹⁰⁶, and died 1260¹⁰⁶.